Umthetho kaMalus, ukuchithwa kwemisebe yokukhanya, i-polarizers

I-1809 yazisa iinguqu zayo kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi kuluntu. Unjineli evela eFransi E. U-Malius wathola indlela entsha yokukhanya. Ngethuba esenza iimvavanyo, waphawula ngengozi ukuba i-crystal iyajikelezwa ngebhokisi iboniswe kwi-galasi, ubukhulu bokukhanya bunokuthi kwandiswe okanye kwinciphise ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ngokugqithisileyo ukukhanya akupheli, kodwa kuqinisa okanye kunciphisa, kodwa kuphela kwindawo ethile ye crystal. Le nkcazo ibizwa ngokuba "ngumthetho kaMalus", yaqatshelwa kwindawo yoluntu.

Kusuka kwi- physics kuyaziwa ukuba ukukhanya kungaguqulwa ibe yintonga ephothiweyo. Oku kwenzekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizodwa ezingadlula kuphela ngokuchithwa ngokuthe ngqo. Umzekelo wale nto i - oscillations efana nendiza , idlulisela ukukhanya kunye nokugqithisa ngokulandelelana. Njenge-polarizer, imithombo ye-anisotropic isetyenziswe ngokubhekisele kwi-vector, njenge-crystals. Iyona edume kakhulu kwimvelaphi yayo yendalo i-tourmaline. Iyakhanyisa imisebe yokukhanya ngokwaneleyo ukuba i-vector yayo yombane igxile kwi-axis ebonakalayo, elandelwayo kwisigqibo somthetho kaMalus. Kodwa ukukhanya, apho le nto ihamba ngokufanayo, ayifumanga. Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni ukukhanya kwemvelo kudlula kwisikiti se-crystal kuthatha kuphela isiqingatha kunye nesisombululo esifanayo kunye nevot yombane efana ne-visual axis ye-tourmaline.

I-crystal elula ngakumbi eneendawo ezifanayo i-polaroid. Iqukethe iifilimu ze-colloidal ezilungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo, eziyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba zifumane ukukhanya okubonakalayo. Njengoko kwi-tourmaline, umgaqo wokusebenza usekelwe kwikristal enye ebamba i-perpendicularly i-oscillations yokukhanya. Kwaye kulo mcimbi umthetho kaMalus awubonakalwanga. Makhe sicinge ngamanye imizekelo.

Kodwa xa ukugqithiswa kwemisebe yokukhanya kuvela ngokucatshulwa okanye kucingca kumda nge dielectric i-isotropi - lo ngumthetho kaMalus. Walungisa indlela ebonakalayo ehambelanayo ne-oscillations of light.

Kodwa umthetho kaMalus, ukufunyanwa kwawo owenziwe ngasentla, awuthetha ukuba le ndlela yokwenza ulwaphulo luyisiseko kwaye iyodwa. Kukho abanye.

Naliphi na ifowuni esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imilayezo yokukhanya yomsindo ibizwa ngokuba yi-polarizer. Kodwa ifundwa kwaye ihlolwe ngoncedo lomhlalutyi.

Ngokomzekelo, kukho iikristal ezimbini ezilungiselelwe enye emva komnye ngendlela enokuthi i-axes yenze i-angle. Iyokuqala iya kulahlwa ukukhanya, apho umtshini wombane uhambelana nomxhasi wayo. Icandelo le-brit intensity liya kulibaziseka nge-crystal yesibili. Emva kwembini i-polaroid iya kudlulayo kunye nobude obufanayo bemagcini kagesi. Ngamanye amazwi, umlinganiselo walezi zikhwebu ziza kubalwa kwisikwere se-amplitude.

Ngako oko kulandelelana ukuba ukukhanya okudluliselwayo ngokuhlalutya kubalingana ngamandla kumbane olandela i-polarizer kwaye wanda nge-cosine ye-angle engxenyeni ephakathi kwawo. Olu lwalamano luyinto echaza umthetho kaMalus.

Oku kubandakanywa ukuphindwa kabini kwemibala ekhanyayo, eyona propati ephambili xa idlula ngeekristrist. Oku kuchazwa yimiba ekhoyo kwimeko ye-anisotropic ekusasazeni kokukhanya. Ngokomzekelo, ngokuqondisa umgqomo omncinane wokukhanya kwi-crystal ye-spar, udlula kuwo, iiplanga ezihlukeneyo ezihlukeneyo zihamba ngokufanayo. Oku kuya kwenzeka nayiphi na imeko, nangona ukukhanya kwi-crystal kuya kwindawo eqhelekileyo. Omnye wabo ubizwa ngokuba ngumntu oqhelekileyo kwaye ukongezwa kwesibonda sokuqala, kwaye okwesibini akuqhelekanga, kuba kunempahla yokuphambuka.