Ziziphi iinqununu: amagama, iimpawu. Uludwe lweenkwenkwezi

Ukujonga esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku njengomntwana, sizama ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi iinqununu. Sinomdla kumagama akhiwa yienkwenkwezi zomfanekiso, kodwa kungekhona inkcazo yombono "weenkwenkwezi". Okwangoku, nokuba sakuba ngabantu abadala, asikusoloko siqonde ukuba yintoni eyilo eli lizwi eliqhelekileyo.

Projection

Umkhwa wesikhala esiphezulu kwisiza awuyi kufumana nayiphi na imidwebo ekhoyo yasezulwini. Isizathu salokhu kukuba iinkwenkwezi ezibuxoki, njengoko kubonakala ngathi, kwindiza enye, ngokwenene zisuswe kude komnye nomgama omde. I-constellation ibonakaliswe isahluko esahlukileyo sendawo yasezulwini kunye nezinto zonke ze-cosmic ezikuyo.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Iimpawu malunga nokuba yeyiphi iinqununu, kwimihla eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo. Namhlanje, imidwebo engama-88 iphakanyisiwe, kodwa oku akuzange kube njalo. Iinqununu zamandulo kunye namagama abo zacwangciswa kwaye zichazwe nguPtolemy kwintetho yakhe edumile uAlagest. Uluhlu lwakhe luquka imidwebo engama-48. Bonke, ngaphandle kweyodwa, baye bagcina amagama abo ngoku. Iinqununu ezinkulu zeArgo (iinqanawa zaseArgonauts) zaza zahlulwa zaba zintathu ezincinci: iKiel, Korma kunye neSail. Ekuqaleni, imidwebo yasezulwini, ebizwa ngokuba yiminyaka yamandulo, ichazwe ngamakhulu amane ngaphambi kwePtolemy, ngo-245 BC. E. Oku kwaqhutyelwa yiGrike-imbongi yaseArat.

Isidingo sokuncedisa uludwe olukhoyo lufike kwiintsuku zokuQaphela okuKhulu: iinkwenkwezi eziphawulwe kwiimephu azizange zize zikwazi ukuhamba ngokusasazeka kolwandle. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, abahambahambayo uFrederic de Hautman noPeter Keizer badibanisa iinkwenkwezi kwiimifanekiso ezili-12 ezisezulwini. Phakathi kwabo kwakuyi-Chameleon, iPhoenix, iSouth Hydra. Iinqununu ezili-12 ziyakwazi ukufumaneka kwibalazwe kwisezantsi ye-sky of skyry.

Ngo-1613 uPeter Plancius watyhila imifanekiso emitsha yasezulwini kwihlabathi lakhe, kwaye ngo-1624, ngokubulela kwi-astronomer yaseJamani, ugqirha kunye nesazi semathematika uJacob Barchu, zazisetyenziswa kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi. Namhlanje kwimephu yesibhakabhaka esineenkwenkwezi kukhona ezimbini kuphela - i-Giraffe kunye ne-Unicorn.

Ukwakhiwa kokugqibela

Uluhlu lweenkwenkwezi kule nto alugqitywanga. UJan Hevelius ngekhulu le-17 watyhila imifanekiso eneenkwenkwezi ezisixhenxe (Sextant, Little Lion, Lizard, Shield, Lynx, Chanterelle, Hounds Dogs). Kwalandelayo, ngenkulungwane ye-18, uNicolas Louis de Lacaille uncedise igalelo lakhe. Wabonisa iindiza ezili-17 ezigqityiwe ukuzaliswa kwoluhlu.

Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kugqibe imbali yamagama eenkwenkwezi. Imidwebo yamandulo yasemazulwini yazama amaxesha amaninzi ukuba aqambe igama, ithathele indawo izithixo zamaGrike namaqhawe namaKristu angcwele. Ngamanye amaxesha ubuqaqawuli be-Olympians befuna ukuziva abantu abalawulayo kunye neenkokheli zemikhosi. Nangona kunjalo, yonke le mizamo ayiphumelelanga.

Imida

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ukuqonda kwamhlanje ukuba yiyiphi iinqununu ezazisungulwa. Amagama eemifanekiso zasemazulwini abuye ahlaliswe kangangoko. Kwasala kuphela ukucacisa imida.

Namhlanje, ngaphantsi kweenkwenkwezi akuqondwa nje kuphela izikhanyiso ezithile, ukudala isilumkiso esivelayo. Ukuze ithwale yonke "intsimi" kufuphi nale nkwenkwezi. Iinqununu zihlukaniswe yimida evunyiwe ngo-1935 emva komsebenzi odibeneyo ode kunye neenkwenkwezi ezininzi zeenkwenkwezi ezidumileyo.

Inkqubela eqhubekayo

Kumephu, iinqununu zenzeke ngandlela-thile, kodwa ukuba ubukela iinkwenkwezi ubusuku bonke, kulula ukubona ukuba imidwebo yasezulwini ihamba rhoqo. Abanye bahamba bejikeleza kwiziko elilodwa, abanye bachaza i-arc baze bafihle emva kwesiqalo. Olu tshintsho kwisimo lubizwa ngokuba lujikelezo lwemihla ngemihla. Ukuba umbonisi useNyakatho yeNtlabathi kwaye ubhekane nezantsi, ngoko iinkwenkwezi ziza kuhamba ngokukhawuleza, zikhuphuke empumalanga kwaye zinyamalala entshona. Amanqwanqwa aphezulu aphakama ngaphezu kwengxenyana esezantsi. Ukuba ubukela ukuhamba kweenkwenkwezi, ezijongene nomntla, umfanekiso uguquka. Ezinye zeenkwenkwezi azihambi ngaphesheya kwelo xesha, kodwa uchaza isangqa esibhakabhakeni. Isiko sawo sibizwa ngokuba yiPolor North . Kufuphi naso i-North Star.

Ngelo xesha, indawo efanayo ekhanyayo iphakama kwaye ibeka kwindawo echazwe ngokucacileyo, ngokungafani neLanga kunye neNyanga, iindawo zokuphuma kwelanga nokushona kwelanga zitshintshwe imihla ngemihla. I-satellite satellite kunye nokukhanya kwelanga "ukuhamba" ukusuka kwelinye iqela ukuya kwelinye. Ngoko, "batyelela" imifanekiso yeshumi elinambini yasezulwini. Ilanga lihamba ngendlela yonyaka, kunye nenyanga-malunga ne-27 ngosuku oluncinane. Izibhedlele "izindlu", ezithatha umkhanya kanye emva kweenyanga ezilishumi elinesibini, zenza isangqa sezodiac.

Iintsika zeenkwenkwezi

Mhlawumbi, wonke umntu uyazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zeempawu zezodiac zikhona. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba umfanekiso wasezulwini apho ilanga lithile kwinyanga ethile ihlala ifihliwe kumbonisi kwaye ibonakala emva kweenyanga ezintandathu.

Izibonakaliso ze-Zodiac ziyaziwa kuluntu ixesha elide. Ezinye zamagama abo zavakala eMesopotamia, ukulala komnye wempucuko yokuqala. Yona kanye igama elithi "zodiac" lomvelaphi wesiGrike: i-zodiakos ekuguquleleni ithetha "ukuhlaselwa". Iinqununu ezili-12 zifumene eli gama kuba ezininzi zazo zifana nezilwanyana.

Isangqa se-zodiac siquka ukujikeleza kungekhona kuphela kweNyanga, kodwa kuzo zonke iiplanethi zeNkqubo yeSolar. Itholakala kwikota ukuya kwi-Equator equator kwaye idibanisa nayo kwimiba emibini ehambelana ne-spring and autumn equinox.

I-Pole yehlabathi

Kunokwenzeka ukuphendula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo umbuzo woluphi uhlobo lweenkwenkwezi. Iingcali zeenkwenkwezi zokuzimisela kwazo ziye zavelisa inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokulungelelanisa. Siye sichaza i-Pole North ehlabathini. Kulula ukucinga ukuba kukho kwakhona uMzantsi, ukhankanywe yi- constellation Southern Cross. Yaye apho izibonda, kukho i-equator. Kwiinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano ezakhiwe esibhakabhakeni, kukho ukuhlaliswa (ububanzi, umgama ukuya kwi-equator) kunye nokunyuka okulungileyo (ubude).

I-equator idlula ngeenkwenkwezi ezithile: i-Orion, i-Pisces, i-Kit, iTaurus, i-Eridan, i-Sextant, i-Eagle, i-Unicorn, i-Hydra, i-Ophiuchus, Inja encinane, inkunzi, i-Aquarius, inyoka. Inxalenye yale mizobo yasezulwini ifikeleleka ekuqwalaseleni ngokubanzi naphi na kwihlabathi. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yendawo yeenkwenkwezi.

KuMntla

Kukho amanani amaninzi adibeneyo azalisekisa imbono yethu yento ephikisayo. Yonke imidwebo yasezulwini ihlukaniswe yaba yi-Northern Northern okanye i-Southern hemisphere yesibhakabhaka esibhakabhaka.

Uludwe lweenkwenkwezi zeNyakatho yeNtlabathi lubandakanya imifanekiso yeempawu ezintathu ze-Zodiac: iGemini, Aries kunye neCancer. Oku kubandakanya imidwebo yasezulwini yezilwanyana: i-Big and Little Dipper, iDolphin, i-Dragon, i-Giraffe, inja, i-Swan, i-Fox, iHlashe elincinane kunye neNgonyama encinane, i-Lynx kunye neLizard. Phakathi kweenkwenkwezi zeNyakatho yeNtlabathi zikwabizwa ngokuba ngabalinganiswa beembali zamandulo: Iincwele zeVeronica, i-Andromeda, iCefeus, iPerseus, i-Pegasus, i-Hercules, i-Casseopeia, i-Volapas, kwaye ichaza izinto: i-Lyra, i-Sextant, i-Arrow, i-Triangle.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi loMhlaba

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezinokubonwa ngumbonisi kwi-Southern Intel. Imifanekiso emininzi yezulu apha ibizwa ngezinto ezingapheliyo kunye neendawo zayo: I-Altar, iCompass, i-Forage, i-Kiel, i-Microscope, i-Bowl, i-squire, i-octant, i-Telescope, iPump, i-Cutter, i-Sail, i-Stove, iGrid, i-Compass, i-Clock, i-Shield, i-South Crown, I-Southern Cross kunye neSouth Triangle. Ukususela kwimimiselo ye-Zodiac ukuya kumaqela asezantsi aquka iCapricorn, i-Scorpio neSagittarius. Kwimifanekiso yamangqungquthela apha ikhona kuphela iPhoenix neCefeus, kodwa kukho imifanekiso yobugcisa (uMdwebi noMdwebi) kunye nommeli wesinye sezizwe (amaNdiya) kunye nokuzibonakalisa kommangaliso wendalo (iNtaba yeTable). Kukho ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana: Inja enkulu, iRaven, ihobe, iWolf, iFlying, iFilide kunye nePistile yaseMzantsi, i-Crane, i-Hare, i-Paradesi, i-Peacock, i-Fly, iToucan, iKhameleon, i-South Hydra.

Ubusika kunye nehlobo

Le yindlela yodwa yokuphendula umbuzo woluphi uhlobo lwama-constellation. Omnye umgaqo wokuhlelwa kwinqanaba lixesha lonyaka apho umzekelo wasezulwini ubona kakuhle. Emva kwakho konke, ehlobo, ebusika, entwasahlobo nasekwindla, imifanekiso eyahlukileyo ilawula ngaphezulu.

NgoJuni, ngoJulayi no-Agasti, isibhakabhaka sinxibe ngeenkwenkwezi zeCygnus, iLyra kunye ne-Eagle, iindawo eziqhakazileyo ezenza i-asterism yeTy Triangle Triangle. Ngeli xesha lonyaka lifumaneka kwakhona kwiindawo zokuBheka, iNyakatho yeNyakatho, iiCompas, iHercules kunye nemifanekiso emininzi yasezulwini.

Ebusika, indawo engaphezulu kwentloko yakho ayinhle ngaphezu kwehlobo. Ngobusuku, ngaphezu kwembonakalo kubonakala i-Orion yeenkali. Kulula ukufumana kwiindawo ezintathu ezikhanyayo ezilandelelanayo. Le asterism i- Orion Belt. Ngezantsi nangokunene kwinqanaba leRigel, inkwenkwezi ephawulekayo kulo mfanekiso wasezulwini. Ukuba ibhanti iyaqhubeka ngakwesobunxele nangaphantsi, ngoko umgca uza kutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza noSirius, Alfa Inkulu Inja kunye neenkwenkwezi eziqhakazileyo kwizulu lonke. Zimbini kunye neNjaba encinci zibhekisela kwiinkwenkwezi zasebusika. Ngomnye umgca, umgca ochanekileyo, odlula kwi-Orion Belt, uhlala kwi-Aldebaran, ngokubhekiselele kwiTaurus.

Kwikwindla nangentwasahlobo

Ukuphela kwehlobo kusetyenziswa utshintsho kwiinkwenkwezi eziphezulu zezulu. Ngoku, ezilungileyo ziNkobe, i-Cassiopeia ne-Andromeda. Nangona ukukhanya kwazo kungaphantsi kwe-Orion kunye neLebed, abakhenkce isibhakabhaka akukho ngakumbi kwaye bafanelekile ukunakwa.

Ngentwasahlobo, isikhala esingentla kwentloko sikhanyiswa ngeenkwenkwezi ze-Big Dipper, iNgonyama, iNtombikazi, kunye neBhoot. Ewe, ziyakubonwa kwezinye iindidi, kodwa yintwasahlobo - ixesha "lokulawula" kwabo esibhakabhakeni.

Iinqununu ezinkulu kunye namagama eenkwenkwezi zaziwa kuthi ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ukususela ngoko, uluhlu lwabo luye lwafakwa kwaye luguqulwa. Uluhlu lweemifanekiso eziyi-88 zasezulwini luyimpendulo epheleleyo kumbuzo woluphi uhlobo lweenkqantosi ezikhoyo. Amagama abo anika ingcamango yexesha lokubonakala kwezi zidwebo ze stellar kwiimephu zezulu zenkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke, phantse bonke abalinganiswa beengingqi bekhanyela kwixesha laseGrisi neRoma lasendulo. Ininzi yezilwanyana eziqhelanisiweyo nabantu banamhlanje, kunye neengqungquthela zabaculi kunye nezixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ziphumo zokuphinda ucinge kwakhona imephu yeenkwenkwezi ngekhulu le-17 neye-18. Ukukhangela iindiza kunceda ulwalamano lwabo kunye ne-equator yasezulwini kunye nezibonda zehlabathi.