Iintlobo zeeprotheni, imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo

Ngokomxholo we-Oparin-Haldane, ubomi emhlabeni wethu buvela kwi-droplet coacervate. Kwakuyi-molecule yeprotheni. Okokuthi, oku kulandelayo ukuba le micimbi yeekhemikhali isiseko sezinto zonke eziphilayo ezikhoyo namhlanje. Kodwa ziphi izakhiwo zeprotheni? Iyiphi indima abayidlalayo namhlanje emzimbeni nasekufeni kwabantu? Ziziphi iintlobo zeeprotheni ezikhoyo? Masizame ukuqonda.

Iiprotheni: umxholo jikelele

Ukusuka kwinqanaba leemveliso zamakhemikhali, i- molecule yento ekhutshwe ngayo ilandelelwano lwe-amino acids ehlanganiswe kunye nezibophe ze-peptide.

I-amino acid nganye ineqela ezimbini zokusebenza:

• I-Carboxyl-COOH;
• I-Amino yeqela -NH ₂ .

Kuphakathi kwabo ukuba ukubunjwa kwebhondi kumamolekyuli ahlukeneyo kwenzeka. Ngaloo ndlela, intambo ye peptide inefomu -CO-NH. I-molecule yeprotheni ingaba nekhulu kunye namawaka ala maqela, oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwinto ethile. Iindidi zeeprotheni zihluke kakhulu. Phakathi kwazo, kukho ezo ziqukethe i-amino acids ezingenakulungeleka umzimba, ngoko ke kufuneka zingene emzimbeni ngokutya. Kukho iintlobo ezinjalo ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwi-membrane yeseli kunye ne-cytoplasm yayo. Iimpawu zendalo zendalo ziye zahlukana - i-enzyme, eziyi-molecule zamaphrotheni. Ziyasetyenziswa kakhulu kunye nobomi bomntu, kwaye ingabandakanyeki kuphela kwinkqubo yezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo.

Isisindo samathambo seemveliso ezinokubangela sisenokuvela kumashumi amaninzi ukuya kwezigidi. Emva kwakho konke, inani leeyunithi ze-monomeric kwi-chain enkulu ye-polypeptide alinakulinganiswa kwaye luxhomekeke kuhlobo lento ethile. Iiprotheyini kwifomu yayo ecocekileyo, ekuhambeni kwayo, kubonakala xa kuqwalasela inkukhu yenkukhu kwifom yayo eluhlaza. Ubunzima obomvu, obonakalayo, obunqamle, obunzima be-colloidal, ngaphakathi ngaphakathi apho i-yolk ekhoyo khona, into efunwayo. Into efanayo ukuthetha nge-fat-cottage cheese ephantsi, le mveliso iphinda ibe yiprotheni ecocekileyo kwimo yayo yemvelo.

Nangona kunjalo, akubona bonke abacatshangelwayo abaxutywayo banesakhiwo esifanayo sendawo. Iyonke, inhlangano emine ye-molecule. Iintlobo zeeprotheyini zakhiwo ziqikelela iipropati zayo kwaye zithetha ngokubunzima kwesakhiwo. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba ezinye iamolekyu ezingxakini zendawo zisebenza ngokucokisekileyo emzimbeni womntu nasezilwaneni.

Iindidi zeeprotheyini izakhiwo

Kukho ezine kuzo zonke. Makhe sihlolisise ukuba yilowo nalowo umela ntoni.

1. EziPrayimari. Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo olulandelelanayo lwe-amino acid ezixhunyaniswe nezibophe zeep peptide. Akukho zijikelezo zendawo, akukho ukuvutha. Inani lezinto ze-polypeptide ezingena kwi-polypeptide zingafikelela kumawaka amaninzi. Iintlobo zeeprotheni ezinesakhiwo esifanayo-glycylalanine, insulin, histones, elastin kunye nabanye.
2. Sekondari. Zizinto ezimbini zeetyunithi ze-polypeptide eziphazamisa ngendlela yovalo kwaye zijoliswe kumnye nomnye ngokutshintshwa. Ngelo xesha, iifomati ze-hydrogen ziba phakathi kwazo, zibambe ndawonye. Ngoko i-molecule enye ipolisi yenziwa. Iintlobo zeeprotheni zolu hlobo zilandelayo: i-lysozyme, i-pepsin nabanye.
3. Umgangatho osemgangathweni. Yisakhiwo esisekondari esihlangeneyo kunye nesicatshulwa. Apha kukho ezinye iintlobo zokusebenzisana, ukongeza kwiimbopheleleko ze-hydrogen - oku kukunxibelelana kwe-van der Waals kunye nemikhosi yokukhangela kwe-electrostatic, u-hydrophilic-hydrophobic contact. Imizekelo yezakhiwo i-albumin, i-fibroin, iprotheni ye-silk kunye nabanye.
4. Quaternary. Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, esakhiwa ngeetyunithi ezininzi ze-polypeptide zisontekile zibe ngumoya, zihlanganiswe kwibhola kwaye zihlanganisene zibe yi-globule. Imizekelo efana ne-insulini, i-ferritin, i-hemoglobin, i-collagen, ibonisa indlela efanayo yeprotein.

Ukuba siqwalasela zonke izakhiwo zeemolyuli ezinikezelwe ngokucacileyo ukusuka kwindawo yembono yekhemikhali, uhlalutyo luya kuthatha ixesha elide. Enyanisweni, ephakamileyo ukucwangciswa, ubunzima obunzima kwaye bunzima, iindawo ezininzi zokubambisana zigcinwa kwi-molecule.

I-Denaturation yamatyeli eeprotheni

Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kwiikhemikhali ze-polypeptides kukuba zikwazi ukuhlaziywa phantsi kwefuthe leemeko ezithile okanye i-agent agents. Ngokomzekelo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokudityaniswa kweeprotheni zixhaphake. Iyintoni le nkqubo? Iqulethwe kukutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo somthonyama seprotheni. Okokuthi, ukuba ekuqaleni i-molecule yayineziko eliphezulu, emva kokuthatha isenzo se-agents ezikhethekileyo iya kuqubuka. Nangona kunjalo, ukulandelelana kwama-amino acid asele kungatshintshi kwi-molecule. Iiprotheni ezinamahlanjesi zilahleka ngokukhawuleza iimpahla zazo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali.

Ziziphi iziganeko ezingakhokelela kwinkqubo yokutshabalalisa? Zininzi ezinjalo.

1. Ukushisa. Xa ishushu, isakhiwo se-quaternary, ephakamileyo, esesekondari ye-molecule sichitha ngokukhawuleza. Ukubukeka, oku kuya kuphawulwa, umzekelo, xa ukhanda iqanda eliqhelekileyo lenkukhu. Isiphumo "seprotheni" sisona sakhiwo esona sikhulu se-albumin polypeptide esasingumkhiqizo ongcolileyo.
2. I midiyo.
3. Isenzo se-actikhi ezinamandla: i-acids, i-alkalis, isalath of metals enzima, i-solvents (umzekelo, i-alcohols, ethers, i-benzene kunye nabanye).

Le nkqubo ngamanye amaxesha ikwabizwa ngokuba i-melting of molecule. Iintlobo zokutyunjwa kweeprotheni zithembele kwi-ejenti phantsi kokusebenza kwayo. Kule meko, kwezinye iimeko, kukho inqubo yokuchasana nomnye ocingwayo. Kubuyiselwa kwakhona. Azikho zonke iiprotheni ezikwazi ukubuyisela isakhiwo sazo emva koko, kodwa inxalenye ebalulekileyo inokukwenza oku. Ngaloo ndlela, amakhemikhali aseAustralia naseMerika ayenze ukuhlaziywa kwamaqanda enkukhu abilisiwe ngoncedo lwezinye izigulane kunye nendlela yokwenza i-centrifugation.

Le nkqubo ibalulekile kwizinto eziphilayo kwi-syntheptide chain chain by ribosomes kunye neRRNA kwiiseli.

I-Hydrolysis ye-Molecule

Kanye kunye ne-denaturation, iiprotheni zibonakaliswa ngenye indawo yepropathi-i-hydrolysis. Kwakhona ukutshatyalaliswa kobunqamlezo bomthonyama, kodwa kungekhona ukuya kwisakhiwo esiyintloko, kodwa kufikeleleke kumanic amino ngamnye. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokugaya iprotheni i-hydrolysis. Iindidi ze-hydrolysis ye-polypeptides zilandelayo.

1. Amachiza. Isekelwe kwisenzo se-acids okanye i-alkalis.
2. Biological okanye enzymatic.

Nangona kunjalo, intsingiselo yale nkqubo ingatshintshi kwaye ayixhomekeke kwiziphi iintlobo zeprotheni hydrolysis ezenzekayo. Ngenxa yoko, i-amino acids yenziwe, ezithunyelwa kuzo zonke iiseli, izitho kunye nezicubu. Inguqu yabo eqhubekayo iquka ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-polypeptides ezintsha, sele ziyimfuneko kwizinto ezithile.

Kwimashishini, inqubo ye-hydrolysis yamatyelethi aseprotheyini isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-amino acid efunwayo.

Imisebenzi yamaprotheni emzimbeni

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeprotheni, i-carbohydrates, amafutha zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ezibalulekileyo zeseli. Kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba yonke inyama iyonke. Ngoko ke, kwiintlobo ezininzi, indima yabo ichazwa lizinga eliphezulu lokubaluleka kunye nokuxhaphaka kwiindawo eziphilayo. Imisebenzi emiselweyo yamathala e-polypeptide inokwahlukana.

1. Catalytic. Iyenziwa ngama-enzyme, eneprotheni uhlobo lwesakhiwo. Ngazo siza kuxela kamva.
2. Zakhiwo. Iindidi zeeprotheni kunye nemisebenzi yazo emzimbeni zichaphazela kakhulu isakhiwo seseli ngokwayo, isimo sayo. Ukongezelela, iipolpeptides ezenza le nxaxheba ifom, izinzipho, iigobolk ze-mollusks, iintsiba zeentaka. Ziyi-armature ethile kwi-cell cell. I-Cartilages nayo iqulethwe kwezi ntlobo zeeprotheni. Imizekelo: i-tubulin, i-keratin, i-actin nabanye.
3. YoLawulo. Lo msebenzi ubonakala ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwiipolpeptides kwiinkqubo ezifana noku: ukubhaliselwa, ukuguqulela, umjikelezo weseli, ukuxela, ukufundwa kwe-mRNA nabanye. Kuzo zonke zidlala indima ebalulekileyo yomlawuli.
4. Uphawu. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngama-proteins akwi-membrane yeseli. Zithumela iimpawu ezahlukileyo kwiyunithi enye ukuya kwelinye, kwaye oku kukhokelela ekunxibelelaneni kwezicubu phakathi kwabo. Imizekelo: ii-cytokines, insulin, izinto zokukhula nabanye.
5. Zothutho. Ezinye iintlobo zeeprotheni kunye nemisebenzi yazo ezenzayo zibaluleke kakhulu. Oku kwenzeka, umzekelo, kunye neprotheni hemoglobin. Yithwala i-oksijeni kwiseli ukuya kwiseli egazini. Kubantu kubalulekile.
6. Spare okanye ugcino. Ezi polypeptides ziqokelela kwizityalo kunye nezilwanyana ze-ovum njengomthombo wesondlo kunye namandla. Umzekelo i-globulins.
7. Iinqwelo. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi kwizinto ezilula kunye neebhaktheriya. Emva koko, banako ukuhamba kuphela ngoncedo lweflagella okanye i-cilia. Yaye la ma-organoids ngokwemvelo yabo ayilona nto ngaphandle kweeprotheni. Imizekelo yale polypeptides yile ilandelayo: myosin, actin, kinesin kunye nezinye.

Ngokusobala, imisebenzi yeeprotheni emzimbeni womntu kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zizininzi kwaye zibalulekile. Oku kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuba ngaphandle kokuqhagamshelana esikucingayo, ubomi kwi planethi yethu akunakwenzeka.

Umsebenzi wokukhusela weeprotheni

I-Polypeptides iyakhusela kwimiphumo eyahlukeneyo: iikhemikhali, imvelo, i-biological. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isityalo sisongelwa ngentsholongwane okanye ibhaktiriya enobuntu obungabonakaliyo, i-immunoglobulins (iintsholongwane) zingena ekulweni nabo, benza inxaxheba ekukhuseleni.

Ukuba sithetha ngeempembelelo zomzimba, ke indima enkulu idlalwe, umzekelo, nge-fibrin kunye ne-fibrinogen, echaphazelekayo kwi-clotting yegazi.

Ukutya kwamaprotheni

Iintlobo zeeprotheyini zokutya zilandelayo:

• I-full-fledged - iqulethe zonke i-amino acids eziyimfuneko kumzimba;
• Ungezantsi - abo apho i-amino acid ekhethiweyo ikhona.

Nangona kunjalo, kumzimba womntu, zombini kubalulekile. Ngokukodwa iqela lokuqala. Wonke umntu, ingakumbi ngeli xesha lokuphuhliswa okukhulu (ubuntwaneni kunye nentsha) kunye nokukhulelwa kufuneka kugcine inqanaba eliqhubekayo leeprotheni ngokwabo. Emva koko, sele sihlolisise imisebenzi eyenziwa yilezi zimolekyuli ezimangalisayo, kwaye siyazi ukuba akukho nqubo, akukho phendulwa kwimizimba yezinto eziphilayo ngaphandle kwethu ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-polypeptides.

Yingakho yonke imihla kufuneka udle umgangatho wemihla ngemihla yeeprotheni, eziqulethwe kule mikhiqizo elandelayo:

• Egg;
• Ubisi;
• Cottage ushizi;
• Inyama neentlanzi;
• Iibhontshisi;
• IiSoybe;
• Iibhontshisi;
• Amanqatha;
• Ngqolowa;
• Oats;
• Iilenti kunye nabanye.

Ukuba udla i-0.6 g ye-polypeptide ngosuku ngemililogram yesisindo ngosuku, ke umntu akaze abe nokuntuleka kwezi zixhobo. Ukuba, ixesha elide, umzimba awunayo iiprotheni eziyimfuneko, ngoko kufika isifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-amino acid. Oku kubangela ukuphazamiseka okunamandla kwemetabolism kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ezinye izifo ezininzi.

Iiprotheni kwiqhekeza

Kwinqanaba elincinane kunazo zonke zezinto eziphilayo-iiseli-zikhona neeprotheni. Kwaye benza malunga nayo yonke imisebenzi engentla. Okokuqala, i-cytoskeleton yeseli equkethe i-microtubules, i-microfilaments iyenziwa. Ilungiselela ukugcina umlo, kunye nokuthutha ngaphakathi kwe-organelles. Kwiimodeli zeeprotheyini, njengemigudu okanye iinqwelo, ii-ions ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo ezihambayo.

Inendima ebalulekileyo yeeprotheni igxininiswe kwi-membrane kwaye ifumaneke phezu komhlaba. Apha bobabini i-receptor kunye nemisebenzi yesignali eyenziwa, bathathe inxaxheba ekwakheni kwimbumba ngokwayo. Baqaphele, ngoko ke badlala indima yokukhusela. Ziziphi iintlobo zeeprotheni kwiseli ezinokuthi zibandakanywe kweli qela? Kukho imizekelo emininzi, sinika ezimbalwa.

1. Actin kunye nemyosin.
2. Elastin.
3. Keratin.
4. Collagen.
5. Tubulin.
6. Hemoglobin.
7. Insulin.
8. Transcobalamin.
9. Transferrin.
10. Albumin.

Kuphela, kukho eziliqela eziliqela iintlobo zeeprotheni ezihlala zihamba ngaphakathi kwiseli nganye.

Iintlobo zeeprotheni emzimbeni

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ziintlobo ezininzi. Ukuba uzama ngandlela-thile ulwahlula zonke iiprotheyini ezikhoyo ngamaqela, ngoko kulungiswa.

1. Globular amaprotheni. Le yilezo ezimelelwe isakhiwo semfundo ephezulu, oko kukuthi, i-globally packed globule. Imizekelo yezi zakhiwo zi: i-immunoglobulins, inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-enzyme, i-hormone ezininzi.
2. Iiprotheni zomzimba. Ziyalelwe ngokugqithiseleyo iintambo ezinokulinganisa okuchanekileyo kwendawo. Eli qela liquka iiprotheni ezinezakhiwo eziphambili nezesekondari. Umzekelo, i-keratin, i-collagen, i-tropomyosin, i-fibrinogen.

Ngokubanzi, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuthathe isiseko semilinganiselo emininzi yokuhlelwa kweeprotheni ezitholakale emzimbeni. Ongatshatanga kodwa akakho.

Enzymes

Izixhobo eziphilayo zeprotheyini, ezenza ngokukhawuleza zonke iinkqubo eziqhubekayo ze-biochemical. I- metabolism eqhelekileyo ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwezi zixhobo. Zonke iinkqubo zokuqala kunye nokuqhekeka, inhlangano yee-molecule kunye nokuphindaphinda kwabo, ukuguqulela kunye nokubhala, kunye nezinye zenziwa phantsi kwefuthe lendlela ethile ye-enzyme. Imizekelo yale milekyuli yile:

• Oxidoreductase;
• Transferase;
• Catalase;
• Hydrolases;
• Isomerase;
• ILasase nabanye.

Namhlanje, i-enzyme isetyenziswe kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla. Ngoko ke, xa kuveliswa i-powder powder, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-enzyme zihlala zisetyenziswa - ezi zixhobo zokuhlaziya i-biological. Bathucula umgangatho wokuhlamba phantsi kweemeko zokushisa ezichaziweyo. Ukubopha ngokukhawuleza kwiinqununu zokungcola uze ubasuse ebusweni beethambo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yesimo seprotheyini, i-enzyme ayinyamezeli amanzi atshisayo kakhulu okanye kufuphi ne-alkaline okanye iyeza eziyingozi. Kule meko, inkqubo yohlengahlengiso iya kwenzeka.