Umsunguli we-postjournalism wamajoni uRobert Kapa: ubugcisa, ubugcisa kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

Iminyaka engama-40 uye wenza okuninzi. Wahamba kuyo yonke iplanethi, wayenabangane nabalobi abadumileyo kwixesha lakhe, umzekelo, kunye noHemingway noSteinck, batyelela iimfazwe ezintlanu, baba ngukhokho wabo bonke abahlobo be-postjournalism. Ngaloo xesha wayedumileyo njengowesifazane, umdakala kunye nesidakwa, wasinda ekufeni kwintombi yakhe ethandekayo kunye nentombi yakhe emfazweni, phantse watshata nomfazi omhle kakhulu emhlabeni - i-movie superstar - kwaye wafa ekulweni kunye nokufa kwejoni eliqhelekileyo. Njengoko uRobert Kapa ixesha elide wayengenakho njengomntu, kodwa wayeyicinga lokucatshulwa kakuhle, umntu unokuyifumana i-biography yeskripthi efanelwe i-Oscar.

Ikamva elikhulu lilindele!

Ngomnyaka we-1913 inkwenkwe yazalwa kwintsapho yabanini be-studio ephakathi kweBudapest, uDezo noJulia Fridman, babeqinisekile ukuba oku kuya kuba ngumntu ongaqhelekanga, oya kuphumelela ebomini. Enye yeempawu zale nto babona ngesibonakaliso esincinci esivela ngasentla - umntwana wayenomnwe owongeziweyo ngengalo yakhe, eyasuswa ngokucophelela ngaphandle kwemiphumo yempilo nokubonakala kwenkwenkwe. Unyana wayebizwa ngokuba ngu-Andre Erno, nangona emva kwexesha wathola isiteketiso, efana nesiteyeliso sezaphulo-mthetho waza waba ngu-Bundy ixesha elithile. Kucacile ukuba le nkwenkwe yamaYuda evela kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo yahluke ngobudlova, ingqondo ephilileyo kunye nehlazo lokuphila okuzolileyo.

Kwiminyaka engama-30. IHungary yaba ngenye yamazwe apho ama-fascists afika khona amandla, kwaye uBundy wabandakanyeka ngokukhawuleza kwinxaxheba yokubhikisha ngokumelene nolawulo lweHorthy. Emva kokubanjwa nokutshutshiswa kwamapolisa, washiya eHungary waza ngo-1931 wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseBerlin kwiCandelo loLondolozo lweeNdaba. Kodwa akukho mali yokuqhubeka nokufunda, kwaye uBundy wathola umsebenzi kwi-photo agency. Amandla kunye nentlalontle yaloo mfana akazange aqondwe, kwaye kungekudala waphathiswa iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zezopolitiko, okwakunjalo ngexesha elixakekayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Impumelelo yokuqala

Ethetha ngoDisemba ngo-1932 eCopenhagen, uLeon Trotsky, wagxothwa nguStalin evela kweli lizwe kwaye wayesaba imizamo, avalwe nayiphi na imifanekiso. Kodwa umfaki-zithombe omncinane uAndré Fridman wakwazi ukuthatha imifanekiso embalwa, eyapapashwa yiinkcukacha ezininzi eziphambili zaseYurophu. Le yimpumelelo yangempela yomntu oqala ukuhamba ngesithombe. Uqala ukuchazwa ngemigaqo eyisiseko yomsebenzi wakhe, eyona nto ayakuyivakalisa kamva, sele sele njengoRobert Kapa: "Ukuba imifanekiso yakho ayilungile - ithetha ukuba awusondelanga!"

Yena ngokwakhe wayeneminyaka ye-1933 kwinqanaba leemeko, ephakathi kwendawo yokubilisa, apho ingxaki ezayo yehlabathi imfazwe yayiza kubakho: amaNazi abe namandla eJamani. Umbukeli ongumYuda ongumbono ongekhohlo eBerlin waba ngumngcipheko wobomi, kwaye uhamba waya eFransi, waya eParis. Kukho ngo-1935, njengoko yena ngokwakhe wayedla, "eneminyaka engama-22 ubudala uzalwe" ngumsunguli wekamva lomkhosi uRobert Kapa. "UBawo" unokuqwalaselwa ngo-Andre Friedman, kodwa wayekulindeleke, "unina."

Gerda Tarot

Intlanganiso yabo yayihlambulukile. Xa u-André wamema njengomzekelo omnye intombazana enhle, kunye naye, owabaleka kumaNazi, yena, ephethe umyeni kwaye eyaziwa ngumntu ongu-photographer, wayithatha intombi. WayengumJuda waseJamani ngeengcambu zasePoland, kwaye igama lakhe kwakunguGerda Pogorilaya. Uzuko lwenkampu aluzange luhlupheke, kodwa uGerda akakwazanga ukumelana neengqungquthela ze-donjuan. Kwaba ngathi bahlobo, kwaye uGerda, njengo-Andre, uzama ukwenza ubomi ngo-photojournalism. Umsebenzi we-Andre waxhatshazwa ngolwazi olubi lwamaFrentshi kunye nokuba khona eParis komnye umlobi wezithombe ogama linguFridman. Kungekudala, bebonke, bahlakulela ukuhamba ngokucwangcisa.

Into ebalulekileyo ye-hoax yayo, njengoko kufanelekile, ilula kwaye ingenangqondo. Esikhundleni sabantu abathandwayo beefoto abangamaYuda abangaziwa ngabo naluphi na umthombo oqinileyo, umfaki-mfanekiso odumileyo nomnandi ovela kwilizwe elikude eMelika kufuneka avele, apho iifoto zakhe zinyanzeliswa ngamaphephandaba kunye namaphephancwadi athile, kunye nemicimbi yakhe ilawulwa ngumbutho okhethekileyo, ngokudibeneyo - I-Photojournalist, intombazana encinci yemvume yokushiya. Kungekudala, kwiphephandaba laseParis laqala ukubonakala liyamangalisa kwaye libukhali, lisoloko lugxeke iifoto-zengxelo, zisayinwe igama elimbala uRobert Capa (uRobert Capa). Iingxoxo kunye neofisi zokuhlela zaqhutywa ngumphathi wakhe - uGerda Taro, oye wambi wamthumela umsebenzi. Abaselula bavula i-ejensi yezithombe ezazuyisa udumo olukhulu, apho ummi waseMelika wayengumninimzi-mlingani, kunye noTaro - unobhala wakhe kunye nomphathi.

Imfazwe eSpain

I-hoax yabonakala xa, befudukela eNew York, bazama ukukhupha umninimzi we-photo agency yabo kwiFransi eyaziwayo. Kodwa wayesele eyaziwayo ngokwenene, kwaye ukususela ngoko uRobert Capa uye wafumana inyama kunye negazi kunye nokubonakala kumnandi. Ukugubungela ukuqala kwemfazwe yombutho eSpeyin, uRobert noGerda bahamba njengezithombe ezidumileyo, ngamagama angayidingi ukukhangisa kunye nokuxhomekeka. Ukongezelela kumdla wobugcisa, kwimimandla yomzabalazo wokuqala ngokuchasene ne-fascism ababizelweyo kunye neengxaki ezithile kunye ne-leftist, imibono yezenhlalakahle, okwakuboniswa ngabantu abaninzi becinga kwilo xesha.

Imfazwe yokuqala, idutshulwa nguRobert Kapa, yaba yinto yakhe yokuqala kunye naye, kwimeko apho wayesebenzisa iindlela zokufumana iifoto ezingenalo kuphela ukuchaneka kwee-documentary, kodwa neemeko eziphezulu kunye nefuthe elikhulu kubaphulaphuli. Imifanekiso yakhe isoloko ibonisa isimo sengqondo esingacatshangwanga kwinto eyenzekayo-inceba kunye nentlonipho ngomlingisi omnye, ukudelelwa nokunyeliswa kwabanye. Isibindi samandla kunye namandla avumela iKapa ukuba ithathe imifanekiso eyayivumayo yombhobho kwaye isandiwe ngezibhamu zeebhotile, kwaye inhlanhla kunye nokuthambekela kwezobuciko kwenza ukuba zikhumbule kunye nemibhalo emangalisayo yembali.

Udumo oludumileyo

NgoSeptemba 5, 1936, i-Capa yayisezintanjeni zamaRiphabhulikhi kwiintaba zeSierra Morena. Umoya lwabalandeli abaphikisana neFranco wawungabalulekanga. I-Loyalists, oko kukuthi, abalandeli beRiphabhuliki, abaye bavikela igunya elisemthethweni elivela kubavukeli beGeneral Franco, beyazi ukuba intshaba yabo yayifumene izixhobo ezizenzekelayo zaseJamani, eziye zavumela ukudubula ngokungazange kwenzeke ngamandla.

Emva koko, uKapa ukhumbule ukuba xa umyalelo we-Loyalist umyalelo waqala ukuhlasela kwaye amajoni aqala ukunyuka kwiindawo zokuhlala, umlilo omkhulu womshini waphuma. I-photographer yaqaphela "iLake" yakhe ngasentla umsele kwaye iphosakele ngomoya. Xa i-negative ithunyelwe ngu-Kapa kwi-arhente ibonakalisiwe, kwipapasho ezininzi ifoto yapapashwa, kamva ibizwa ngokuba yiyona nto ifowuni edumile kakhulu emhlabeni, eyenziwa ngexesha lokulwa. Kwakukho ubungqina obuninzi kunye nezifundo ezazithetha ngolu hlobo lwesimo somfanekiso, malunga nokuziphatha okubi kwesigqibo esenziwa yiKapa. Ukuphikisana akuyeki kude kube ngoku, kodwa intsingiselo yesithombe esithathwe ngu-photographer uRobert Kapa ayitshintshi oku: ukuqheleka kwexesha lokufa elithatyathwe yikhamera kubonisa untshatshazi-inxamnye noluntu-engeyonto yinto yemfazwe.

Ukulahleka

Ehlotyeni ka-1937, kwikholam yeRephabliki, kufuphi nommandla waseMadrid waseBrunete, itanki yachithwa ngengozi iloli elinokulimala. Kukho umhlobo kunye nomhlobo weKapa - Gerda Taro. Ngomso wango-Julayi 26-wafa ngenxa yokulimala kwakhe. Ukulahlekelwa kakhulu kwathonya uRobert. Abahlobo bakhe bakhumbula ukuba wayengenakukwazi ukuphinda abuyele kule nto de kube sekupheleni. Ngoku kwakufuneka asebenze yedwa kwipropati ezalwe kwisicwangciso sawo, kodwa ngokubaluleke kakhulu, walahlekelwa ngumhlobo wakhe othandekayo, ngokutsho kweminye ingxelo, wayeza kufumana intsapho yolonwabo.

Kwimfazwe elandelayo, ushiya yodwa. Iifoto ezithathwe yiKapa eChina, xa ukuhlasela komkhosi waseJapan kwaqala ngowama-1938, kwazisa abaseYurophu nabaseMerika kungekhona nje kuphela kwingingqi engapheleleyo yomhlaba, kodwa kwanikela njengento ephawulekayo yokuba ilangabi yemfazwe yehlabathi yayigxotha ngamandla, kwaye Kuya kwenzeka kumntu.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ubungqineli bemithetho yaseMelika ekufumaneni ukukhokelwa ngabemi bo-1940 ukuya kwiimeko ezixakekayo kunye nomlobi-ntatheli osekudumile. Ngokusemthethweni, uKapa wahlala ngummi waseHungary, ummelwane waseJamani kunye nomdlali we-anti-Hitler. Ngexesha elifanayo, ngexesha lemfazwe yonke yayingumqeshwa oseburhulumenteni weMagazini yaseMelika enamandla kakhulu. Ngalo msebenzi, wathatha inxaxheba ekusebenziseni kwegazi e-Yurophu e-Europe-ekuhlaleni kwama-Allied forces aseNormandy.

Emva koko, kwincwadi eyaziwayo "I-Perspective" eyayibizwa nguRobert Kapa, inkcazelo eyinyaniso kunye neyikrakra ngoJuni 6, 1944, eyenziwa nguye kwingingqi yecandelo laseNorman ogwini, elikhethwe kwiimephu zezempi zase-US njengecandelo le-Omaha Beach, lithunyelwe. Wayeyedwa kuphela intatheli kwindawo enobungozi yokuhlalisa umhlaba waseMerika. Wayesengozini eyingozi kwimizuzu yesibili, ehamba kunye namajoni aqhelekileyo phantsi komlilo owonakalisayo ooJamani abakhokela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo eziselunxwemeni.

I-Kapa idutshulwa amaphephete amancinane efilimu, ekwazi ukuyigcina kwiibhola, idilesi kunye nokuwela emanzini. Ukongeza, ukutshatyalaliswa kwangempela kuye kuye: ngenxa yobungqina bumncedisi webhubhoratri owabonisa izinto ezivela eNormandy kwiofisi yokuhlela ye-Life magazine eLondon, phantse lonke uphando lwalahleka. Kuye kwasala ama-11 ama-frames, ayenobuninzi beetekisi zobugcisa. Ngokungafunekiyo iqulethwe kuyo, ingqungquthela, izibonda zanikela iifoto ezifana nokuvakalisa ukuba zigqithise zonke iindaba ezihamba phambili zeendaba zehlabathi kwaye zaba yiklasi yobugcisa bezithombe.

Arhente "iMagnum"

Inkazimulo yeposi emva kwemfazwe yombhali wesithsaba esidumileyo e-United States ayitshintshe indlela yokuphila kaRobert Kapa. Wayehlobo lwabaculi kunye nabalobi, bathandana bengenakho inkumbulo kwiinkwenkwezi ze-movie. I-diva eyaziwayo kakhulu kwilo xesha, ingummangaliso u-Ingrid Bergman, wayelungele ukutshata naye ukuba wayeke ukuhamba kwimimandla yezempi. Ngenxa yoko, bahlukana.

Ngowe-1947, i-agnum yezithombe zesevisi yezithombe zisekelwe, ziholwa nguRobert Kapa. Ama-classic photoarties - u-Henri Cartier-Beresson, uDavid Seymour, uGeorge Roger - abaye bajoyina, babe nenjongo yokudala inhlangano ehamba phambili yeefoto-documentary, ezinokukwazi ukuchaza imicimbi apho ikhona emhlabeni ngekhwalithi efanelekileyo kunye nekhawulezi. Le njongo yafezekiswa, nangona amaxesha anzima anqotshwa yi-arhente.

Imfazwe emva kwemfazwe

URobert Capa, i-biographie, iifoto, iincwadi ezizele izinto ezimbi ukususela kwimimandla yemfazwe yempi, ethanda ukudubula nokuphila ngobomi, ukufumana amabali abe yi-classiics. Ngomnyaka we-1949, wenza uhambo oluya e-USSR, okwakungumzamo wokuvula "iContain Curtain" ephuma ngaphandle.

Kodwa umsebenzi owona mkhulu wawuyi-photojournalism yempi. U-Kapa waqhubeka nokuya apho izibhamu zazikhwaza khona. Ngomnyaka we-1948, uhlanganisa iziganeko zemfazwe ebhengezwa ngamazwe ase-Arabhu kwilizwe elitsha likaSirayeli.

Isithombe sokugqibela somlobi uRobert Cap senziwa ngoMeyi 25, 1954 e-Indochina. Ibonisa indlela amajoni aseMerika ahamba ngayo ngokukhawuleza ecaleni kwinqanaba leendlela. Ngomzuzwana, ukuqhuma komgodi ochasene nabasebenzi kuya kuvezwa, kuphelise ubomi bomntu owaziwayo.