Umbhali uFrancois Rabelais: I-Biography kunye nobuCala

UFrancois Rabelais (iminyaka yobomi - 1494-1553) ngumlobi owaziwa ngabantu ovela eFransi. Wamkela udumo lwehlabathi ngeveli "Gargantua nePagagruel." Le ncwadi yinqumlezo ye-encyclopedic ye-Renaissance eFransi. Ukugatya ukuxhatshazwa kweMinyaka ephakathi, ubandlululo kunye nohanahaniso, uRabelais kwimifanekiso eqabileyo yabalinganiswa, ephefumlelwe ngongoma, utyhila iimpawu zobuntu ezibonakalayo ngexesha lakhe.

Umsebenzi wombingeleli

URabelais wazalelwa eTouine ngo-1494. Uyise wayengumnini umnini-mhlaba. Phantse ngo-1510, uFrancois waba ngumcebisi kwindwendwe. Wenza izifungo ngo-1521. Ngo-1524, iincwadi zesiGrike zathathwa eRabelais. Inyaniso kukuba izazi ze-orthodox ngexesha lokusasazeka kwamaProtestanti zazigxeke ngolwimi lwesiGrike, lucatshulwa njengento ephikisayo. Wanika ithuba lokutolika iTestamente Entsha ngendlela yakhe. UFrançois wayedlulela kumaBenedictines, enyamezelayo kule nkalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngowe-1530 wagqiba ekubeni athabathe kwaye aye eMontpellier ukuba afunde unyango. Apha ngo-1532 uRabelais washicilela imisebenzi kaGalen noHippocrates, abaphilisa abadumileyo. KwaseMontpellier, wayenabantwana ababini kumhlolokazi. Zayisemthethweni ngowe-1540 ngumyalelo wePapa Paul IV.

Umsebenzi wezonyango

URabelais wavunyelwa ukuba ngumfundisi wehlabathi ngo-1536. Waqala ukwenza unyango. UFrançois waba ngugqirha wezobisi ngo-1537 waza wachazwa kule nzu lulwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseMontpellier. Ukongezelela, wayeyicala lomntu phantsi kweCardinal J. du Belle. URabelais kabini ehamba nekhadiyali eRoma. UFrançois bonke ubomi bakhe bexhaswe ngabapolitiki abaneempembelelo (uMnu. Navarre, uG. du Belle), kunye nabafundisi abaphezulu abavela kwiintetho. Oku kwasindisa uRabelais kwiinkathazo ezininzi ezipapashwa ngumqulu wencwadana yakhe.

Incwadi ethi "Gargantua nePagagruel"

URabelais wafumana ukubiza kwakhe okwenene ngo-1532. Emva kokuziqhelanisa "nencwadi yabantu malunga neGargantua," uFrançois washicilela ekuxeliseni "umgca" wakhe ngoKumkani weDipsods Pantagruel. Kwisihloko esiphezulu somsebenzi kaFrançois igama lenkosi uAlcocribas, osolwa ngokubhala le ncwadi, ibhalwe. U-Alcocribas Nazier yi-anagram ehlanganiswe neileta zegama negama likaRabelais ngokwakhe. Le ncwadi yagwetywa nguS Sorbonne ngokunyaniseka, kodwa uluntu lwamkela ngokuvuya. Ibali leziqhwala lalimnandi kwabaninzi.

Ngomnyaka we-1534, u-Francois Rabelais wesintu wadala enye incwadi enesihloko eside, echaza ngokuphila kweGargantua. Lo msebenzi ngeengcamango kufuneka ulandele kuqala, njengoGargantua nguyise wePagagruel. Ngowe-1546, enye incwadi yesithathu yabonakala. Yayisayinwa ngumntu ongenamagama, kodwa egama lakhe linguFrancois Rabelais. I-Sorbonne nayo yalahla lo msebenzi ukuze uhlaziye. Kwexesha elithile, uFrancois Rabelais wayemele azifihle kwiintshutshiso.

I-biography yakhe yabhalwa ngupapashwa ngo-1548 kwincwadi yesine, engagqityiwanga. Ingxelo epheleleyo yabonakala ngo-1552. Ngeli xesha, isigwebo seS Sorbonne asizange siphele khona. Le ncwadi yayivinjelwe ipalamente. Nangona kunjalo, imbali ikwazi ukuxutywa ngabahlobo abanentsholongwane kaFrancois. Eyokugqibela, incwadi yesihlanu yapapashwa ngo-1564, emva kokufa komlobi. Uninzi lwabaphandi baphikisana nembono yokuba kufuneka ifakwe kumsebenzi kaFrancois Rabelais. Kungenzeka ukuba, ngokweengxelo zakhe, umgca webali wagqitywa ngumnye wabafundi bakhe.

Encyclopedia yokuhleka

U-Francois waseRoma ungumntu we-encyclopedia wangempela wokuhleka. Iqulethe zonke iintlobo zee-comic. Kulula ukuba siyiqonde into engcolileyo yombhali we-16 we-erudite, kuba into yokuhlekwa usulu sele iphelile. Nangona kunjalo, abaphulaphuli bakaFrançois Rabelais, ngokuqinisekileyo, bakuvuyela kakhulu ibali malunga nelayibrari yaseSt. Victor, apho umlobi obizwa nge-parodied (kwaye ngokusoloko ehlaselayo) wadlala amagama amaninzi okuphathwa kweMinyaka Ephakathi: "Igumbi loMthetho", "I-Rod Rescue", "Kwizinto eziPhambili zeThavern" kunye I-Etc. Abaphandi baqaphela ukuba iintlobo ezidlulileyo zezinto zokuqhelana zixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwiinkcubeko zobomi. Ngelo xesha, kukho iifom zomsebenzi ezinokuthi zithathwe ngokuthi "ngokupheleleyo", ezinokwenza ukuhleka kunini na. Ezi zibandakanya, ngokukodwa, into ephathelene nomzimba womntu. Ihlala ingatshintshi naliphi na ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, kwimbali yembali, isimo sengqondo kwimisebenzi yomzimba siyatshintsha. Ngokukodwa, kwisithethe senkcubeko yokuhleka kwenkcubeko, "imifanekiso yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nomzimba" ichazwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo (le ngcaciso inikwe ngumcwaningi waseRashiya uM M. Bakhtin). Ukudala uFrancois Rabelais ngeendlela ezininzi kwalandelwa le nkcubeko, enokuthiwa yi-ambivalent. Oko kukuthi, le mifanekiso ibangela ukuhleka, ekwazi "ukungcwaba nokuvuselela" ngexesha elinye. Nangona kunjalo, kumaxesha anamhlanje baqhubeka bekhona kwi-comic low comic. Amahlaya amaninzi asePanurge ahlala ehlekisayo, kodwa kaninzi akakwazi ukuphindaphinda okanye aguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwamagama, esetyenziswa nguRabelais ngesibindi.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bukaRabelais

Ubomi bokugqibela bobomi bukaFrancois Rabelais bufihliwe kwimfihlelo. Asinazi into enoba yintoni malunga nokufa kwakhe, ngaphandle kwee-epitaphs zeebongi ezifana noPerre de Ronsard noJacques Tayuro. Eyokuqala kwezi, ngendlela, izandile ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye ngeetoni ayikho inyanzeliso. Zomibini ezi zi-epitaphs zenziwe ngo-1554. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ngo-1553 uFrancois Rabelais wafa. I-biografi yakhe ayinikezeli ulwazi olunokwenene nangaloo mbhali engcwatyelwe khona. Kukholelwa ukuba izidumbu zakhe zingcwatyelwa eParis, emangcwabeni eSt. Paul's Cathedral.