Imbali levi Khanate, intsimi, ulawulo

Le imfundo karhulumente, apho kwavela ngenkulungwane ye-15, kwaqhubeka ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amabini ubudala, kusesemini sasingumba kwengxoxo eshushu, abathathi-nxaxheba kuzo mbali onegunya. Levi Khanate - into ekhethekileyo ngokwenene zangaphambili. Xa yavele? Yintoni isimo? Yintoni indima eyabelwe kuye kwimbali Russian? Kutheni ubukumkani "Genghisides" inciphisiwe? Nantsi imiba ephambili ukuba zinokuphikiswa ukuba izazi elidlulileyo. Ukunqongophala kwimithombo ngqo kunye paucity kobungqina anyanzela ngembali zityumbe intelekelelo kuphela ukuba oko ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo levi Khanate. Namhlanje, le meko ayizange bafunda de kube sekupheleni. Masizame ukushwankathela iingcamango eziphambili zokufunda uhlalutye, yini kube ibali levi Khanate.

iziko nucleation

Ubume ngasentla ilandelwa yi neempawu kwesindululo wavela, ngokutsho izazinzulu, kuloo ndawo apho isizwe wayehlala Meshchera. abameli balo, thetha olunye lweelwimi Finno-Ugric, abantu eziphantse-ephila. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibini, ummandla wesizwe ahlasela Slavic krivichi. Asikwazi ukuba meschertsy bakuvuyela kwiindwendwe olungamenywanga, kodwa azigqogqe emdeni wabo, akazange aqonde.

Kwaye krivichi emi phezu kwisigaba ephakamileyo kuphuhliso, ngoko ukunceda abantu Aboriginal ukwenza ubomi babo oluphucukileyo ngakumbi inkcubeko. Noko ke, loo mikhosi kumangaliswa, njengoko nokuxubana aphile ixesha elide endaweni enye. Meschertsy kuqala wabona imizi iinkuni oshkurennyh apho yokuhlala kakhulu bekhululekile ngaphezu kwi dugouts. Emva kwethutyana, yaye "bomthonyama" waqala ukwakha ngokwayo indlu, elandela umzekelo Krivichy. Kwaye kwafuneka ukuba ondle ezolimo, kwakunye abazibandakanya zomdongwe, kunye blacksmithing. Akukho yale basinda imfutshane bonke abanini. Ekugqibeleni, iintsapho ezimbini podruzhatsya kwaye ukunyikima kunye. igazi labo engumxube, kwi Aboriginal athothe kwi amasiko imvelaphi abahedeni, ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Baya uhlanganise i "phambili" ukufikelela nokuxubana aphila umzekelo wabo.

Gorodets Meshchersky

kweminyaka meschertsy krivichi kwaye iza kuhlanganiswa. ilali lwabo uguqulwa ube yomphakathi-ndawo igama elihle Gorodets Meshchersky. Kwaba lelo xesha ke kwabakho levi Khanate. zokuhlala Territorial kufuphi nendawo apho umlambo kungena Oka Babenka.

Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, ngenkulungwane ye-12, Gorodets Meshchersky watyelela Grand Prince kaYuri Dolgoruky. Emva koko wathabatha unonophelo ekomelezeni kwemida Russia yamandulo, kwaye ukuqinisekisa ukuba zokusonjululwa nokuxubana Krivichy kunye nendawo evumelana, Gorodets Meshchersky wayalela ukuba ibe yinqaba.

Kwaba ngo 1152, kwaye ngokusemthethweni kukholelwa ukuba isixeko yasekwa ngexesha. Le ndawo yokuhlala ukhuselwe kocingo ngomthi, umsele kunye wongqameko zodongwe. Ngoko Gorodets Meshchersky waba umgcini iphambili Suzdal-Vladimir ukubusa. Settlement ukumelana ngqo imisebenzi eyabelwe de ngo-1376 abazange beze eRashiya i Mongol-nangezinto. Utshaba zezokuphangwa umlilo Gorodets Meshchersky.

town entsha

Noko ke, emva kwethutyana kusinda meschertsam lokuhlasela ikwazile ukwakha isixeko, kodwa indawo eyahlukileyo. Ke kaloku, le ndawo (kamva wafumana elinye igama - New Nizovoy isixeko) ifumaneka phakathi ezihlanjeni ezimbini ezinkulu, ezibe evela kumacala Koloni naseMpuma kwemiqobo gqithi kutshaba. Ukusuka emantla esi sixeko zibiyelwe amahlathi kuyo, nakwelisezantsi - umlambo ugu eliphezulu weentaba. Ukuze omeleze ukukhuselwa kwenqaba besixeko ezifakwe macala onke, ngaphezulu ezinyukayo udonga ngamaplanga. Inkqubo Ukwakhiwa entsha ingca-iingcambu yesixeko lwaqhutywa ebudeni bolawulo Prince nguDmitry Donskoy of eMoscow Prince nguVasili. Zombini aphethwe Russian nkqubo ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba, yaye kungekudala meschertsev zokuhlala ezintsha Krivichy, walawula ukuba Alexander Ukovich Prince, yaba yinxalenye ubulawuli eMoscow. Kwaye New Nizovoy mzi, njengokuba ngaphambili, babathwalela ngaphandle imida umsebenzi zokhuselo, ngokuba le ndawo yaba Kazan Khanate enamandla, leyo ebudeni bolawulo Ivan IV waba yingxenye Russia.

Policy nababusi Kazan

Amandla ubukumkani Kazan khosi udlule isandla ngesandla zezindlu ezahlukeneyo. Omnye koonyana ubukhosi lokulawula ogama Mahmutek ukuze sifumane itrone wathabatha ubomi kayise wakhe kunye nomntakwabo.

Abazalwana bakhe ababini abancinane (kunye Qasim Yakub), ukubaleka, kwanyanzeleka ukuba asabe Khanate lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngequbuliso, bazifumanisa kwi ulawulo eMoscow, nto leyo wabuza ukhuselo Prince Basil II kunye yabagula ngengqondo. Noko ke, umlawuli Russian phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-15 zange afune ukuya ngeziqu evulekileyo kunye nabalawuli Kazan. Ehlotyeni 1445 Vasiliy Temny waphulukana edabini kufuphi Suzdal inzala Khan Ulu-Muhammed. Ke yona iMbangi eMoscow, kunye nomzala wakhe uvele ngoxa ekuthinjweni. Kodwa emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa Vasily II wakhululwa ngenxa lwentlawulelo enkulu. umlawuli Russian Kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuqukunjelwa mvumelwano Ulu-Mohammed kwi phantsi ezinzima. Prince ufunge ukuba athathe iqashiso AmaTatar, wayevela kwintsapho entle, kwaye ukuba ukujonga ubulawuli eMoscow "wokondla." Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu Russian ukuba ucaphukela ukuba bolunye kufuneka ziqulathe. Ke kaloku oonyana Kazan Khan weza ukubuza Basil Dark begxeka wavuya ekutshintsheni iziganeko. Ke oonyana Ulu-Muhammed wakhonza ngokwenene rhoqo. Prince Kasim wamnceda ekulweni nguDmitry Shemyaka, yathabatha nayo ecaleni amaphulo Russian emkhosini nxamnye khans ye-Golden mkhosi. Kuba anobukroti, isibindi nokuzinikela Basil II wamnika Qasim naselifeni elo, aninikayo yayiliziko Gorodets Meshchersky. Ngoko ekumda impangele wambumba levi Khanate (ixesha imvelaphi - 1452), ukuba asebenze apho omnye woonyana aselula Khan Ulu-Muhammed.

Noko ke, abanye ababhali-mbali uye ucinge ukuba Tartars wabonakala phezu Mescherskaya emhlabeni phambi kokuba wanikwa kulawulo Kashima. Oku, ingakumbi, sithetha abameli usapho njengenkosana Shira. Ngokutsho legend, balishiya eli lizwe mngquli Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, wafudukela kwindawo entsha yokuhlala, nto leyo kwimimandla ibekwe kufuphi nonxweme imilambo Oka kunye Cna. Ke kaloku omnye iinkosana Shira bagqiba ekubeni bahlale Mescherskaya emhlabeni yaye kubuKristu, wafumana igama elitsha - Michael. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba ongukhokho abathetheli Meshchersky. Kodwa nokuba kwakunjalo enyanisweni ayaziwa.

Qasim umbuso

Nokuba ebudeni bolawulo Kashima ephathiswe kuye eninzi Gorodets Meshchersky kwathiwa igama. Wafumana igama kwedolophu levi kunye Kashima City. Emva kokufa, unyana ka-Khan Ulu Muhammad, ikomkhulu zokuhlala kunye Meshcherov Krivichy wabizwa ngokuba levi. Kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa zokuhlala 'siguqulwe "mbali e levi khanate (ubukumkani). Xa kwakhiwa, le yunithi karhulumente, leyo yayisekelwe kwi Rus yamandulo, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuvela izakhiwo iingangamsha izakhiwo Muslim.

isiko

Kufuneka igxininiswe into yokuba kuphela imbali ezizodwa levi Khanate, kodwa inkcubeko yalo.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini ngenkulungwane ye-15, abakhi baye bakha wobugcisa ngokwenene lwezakhiwo - isanagogi ilitye minaret, nto leyo iye yagcinwa, ukuba ayikho kwinguqulelo yokuqala, ukuba namhlanje. Kwaye namhlanje uyakwazi onokunyuka minaret ubone nohlobo entle kummandla Ryazan ngenxa yokubhabha yentaka endleleni. Dome sisigqeba omkhulu kunye balcony evulekileyo kunye ezijikeleze ngamatye ngezinyuko. Kwi bhalkhoni kukho ibala, ukwenyuka apho Mullah wabiza abemi ukuba athandaze. Noko ke, le ndawo kwivaranda nenqaba wakhonza njengendawo apho abathetheli kuhlolwe amajoni. Akasekude lokukhonzela na yamangcwaba ye Khan Shah Ali (Tekie), yakhiwa ngamatye elimhlophe.

Kwane- umbuzo omangalisayo nokuba kubalwa ilifa unyana omncinane ye Ulu-Mohammed imali metal. Ayikho into ibe kakuhle Iingcali imbali kuthi. Ubuncinane de ngenkulungwane ye-16. Kunjalo numismatists bathandabuze ukuba ingqekembe levi Khanate eyayikho umgaqo. Noko ke, ngaphantsi mthengisi N. Shishkin kumsebenzi wakhe wokubhala, wabhala ukuba nethamsanqa ukuba ayibambe kwinkulungwane wakho ngesandla imali metal yee-16. Umthengisi lwemali wabona imibhalo Arabic, bona bubonakala: "Shah Ali / ukumkani levi, unyaka-1553". Kodwa numismatists Qinisekisa Shishkin ndafumana fake, kuba ifomu onjalo iinkozo Tatar ongafanele. Real Money wabonisa igama yomphathi, indawo kunye umnyaka woyekelelo.

Kakade ke, ukuyilwa levi Khanate - inkqubo multi-inyathelo apho abanomdla mbali Mbasa nababhali. Ngokomzekelo, imbali ilifa karhulumente Russian bafunda ngokweenkcukacha kwisiqingatha sesibini sisazinzulu ngenkulungwane ye-19 B. Velyaminov - okuziinkozo. Ziziphumo zophando wakhe "Study nookumkani levi nabathetheli."-Volume ezine Umbhali Vladimir Soloviev ngenkulungwane enye ye-19, epapashwe inoveli, "levi umtshakazi." Kaloku, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva yomrhwebi N. Shishkin, owayehlala kummandla komhlaba Mescherskaya, wabhala incwadi apho iinkcukacha kunye iinkcukacha wayichaza njani imfundo levi Khanate.

Indima kwimbali Russia

Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ke intsimi, nto leyo kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho zokuhlala Krivichy kunye Meshcherov laba Russian zeqhinga States iqashiso nkqu ebudeni bolawulo Yuriya Dolgorukova. Kwinkulungwane kamva, iye yaba imiqathango emalunga nenkcubeko nezopolitiko levi Khanate. iminyaka 1445-1552 aba libalulekileyo kwimbali kuye. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye Ulu-Mohammed, nto leyo yanceda Basil Dark aphinde etroneni, elilahlekileyo ngenxa kwimvukelo. NguDmitry Shemyaka wabhukuqwa. Kwaye ngumbulelo ngenxa uncedo umthetheli eMoscow unika Meshcherskaya ilifa ilizwe Qasim.

Wakhonza Vasily Dark inxaxheba ngokuthembeka amadabi emkhosini ecaleni kukarhulumente Russian. Ngoko ke, levi Khanate, ogama abalawuli Waqhubeka nenqubo unyana wakhe omncinane Ulu-Mohammed emva kokufa kwakhe, waba ligwiba wokwenene Russia yamandulo.

Shahghali

Ingakumbi ngokuphathelele oku, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukufaneleka Khan Shah Ali. Njengokuba esengumfana lagaxeleka umdlalo entsonkothileyo kwezopolitiko, apho Kazan khosi uthatha ngakwicala Grand Duchy of eMoscow, le iCrimea Khanate. Shahghali ngokuphindaphindiweyo waba ngumlawuli zobukumkani Kazan, kodwa wabhukuqwa ixesha ngalinye (kwimeko nye, ngomhla eliphulo Ivan IV). Ekugqibeleni uya kufumana levi Khanate (ikomkhulu - isixeko Qasim).

Kwi-1552-m-Ali Shah kunye nomkhosi wakhe wanceda Ivanu Groznomu ukoyisa Kazan.

ubudlelwane oluphawulekayo umlawuli wangomso Qasim Khanate kunye Suimbeki ubuhle ngubani lo mhlolokazi womfi khan Kazan. Le ntombazana akazange ayithande inkcazo emfutshane kunye bantliziyo Shahghali, kodwa Ivan IV wayezimisele ukuba atshate isibini ukuba nantoni na iindleko, makaqonde amaphupha abo. Kodwa uyolo umtshato okanye Suimbeki okanye Shah-Ali akazange eze. Beautiful umhlolokazi waphila ubomi bakhe bonke, njengentaka ehokweni, ngaphandle kokushiya levi Palace kunye Khan usoloko ebuhlungu kukuba umfazi wakhe wamcekisa entliziyweni.

Amanqindi iingalo levi Khan bayinqule ngamadoda amaninzi Russian. Shahghali wanceda ukuvalela le mvukelo e Kazan ngo-1554, yaye emva koko inxaxheba emfazweni kufuphi Vyborg kunye balwa, waza ke waya kwiphulo lomkhosi nxamnye Livonia. Kwaye ngo 1562 walwa kwicala Russian ngokuchasene Polish uKumkani eyathatha, kule usebenze kanzima Shah wayithimba Polotsk. Emva konyaka, ukumkani wayalela ukuba aye Khan Lithuania. Kweli phulo le Shah-Ali wahamba uYehova Ivan Wolski.

Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa Tatar warlord wanceda ukwandisa kakhulu imida karhulumente Russian. A enkulu nokuba nto levi Khanate? Ummandla ezinabantu elifeni liqulethe, ukongeza elikomkhulu, fiefs ezininzi ukusuka ukuzimela ngokusesikweni, eziquka: Temnikov, ENKA, yamatyotyombe, Kadom.

Ngokwemiqathango yohlanga, "ubukumkani" Wayemelwe ngamaqela amathathu: Mordovians, Kasimovskoye nangezinto AmaTatar-Mishars. Ngoko ke ndithi ethnographers, mbali, oye wafunda kudala isenzeko ekuthiwa levi Khanate. Ulwimi abaluthethayo abemi balo? Kolunye iziyelelane ukubola iziqalelo Mishar nezihlomelo.

Ali Shah wafa ngowe-1567, yaye umzimba komlawuli kuthe wangcwatywa yamangcwaba ka levi.

kwiinkulungwane eziliqela kamva le mbali V. Velyaminov - Zernov wabhala ukuba, ukongeza Khan izidumbu, ngaba Tekie iqabane lakhe Bulak-Shal kunye Suimbek kunye nezalamane eziliqela.

Ekuziseni i Shah-Ali

Ngubani na ke bangena ilifa levi Khanate? iinkcazelo Historical ibonisa ukuba kule ngxaki wawongwa isalamane zikude Shah-Ali, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo umzukulwana Akhmat Khan ye-Golden mkhosi. Wabizwa Sain-Bulat. umhlaba Management Mescherskaya endaphathiswa ngokwakhe Ivan Grozny. Kwaye umnini omtsha levi Khanate baqalisa ukunceda tsar Russian ukoyisa kwintsimi entsha.

Ngowe-1573, Khan wabhaptizwa eCaweni Orthodox waza wathabatha igama linguSimon. Emva koko Ivan IV ezathatyathwa Sain-Bulat Meshchersky buthelezi, kodwa lamshiya isihloko. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, abangcangcazelisi ngokungalindelekanga wathi uSimeyon Bekbulatovich "Tsar kunye Grand Prince of All Russia." Ngokwendalo, konke oku kwaba ube nezixhaso eziqhelekileyo: Ivan IV nantoni ndandingasayi kunikeze- itrone. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, abangcangcazelisi ndayihluthwa Khan yesihloko enkulu, kodwa endaweni kunikwa ilifa elo ilifa saseTver. Kodwa yintoni levi Khanate? Awuthimba umhlaba walo, ukusukela kwinqanaba Ngenxa abameli Tatar begazi, ukuzimela, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16 ngcembe kunciphisa. Zonke ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi ka ingumbuso yamaMuslim eRashiya lwaqhutywa sele kwiikota ezintathu, kwaye Ivan Vi ayisa kubonwa ubukumkani, ngokusekelwe unyana omncinane Ulu-Mohammed, amathemba enkulu.

ZoBukumkani Bexesha Iingxaki

Xa itrone eRashiya, wazama ukumbamba i mavunwa nguDmitry II, e Mescherskaya emhlabeni bulawula Khan Kazakh ubukhosi Uraz-Mohammed. Oku wamnika fiefdom ngo 1600. Boris Godunov ngokwakhe. Xa kumaxesha Russia nastupiliSmutnye, Khan uvumile "Tushino njengesela" yomphathi langoku. Uraz-Mohammed wafudukela Tushino. Kuba oku enze ukumkani Vasiliy Shuysky eyinkunzi ongqingiweyo levi Khanate. Lo mkhohlisi wanyanzeleka ukuba asabe, yaye kamva wabonakala ukulungela ukusebenza. Kungekudala Kazakh Khan ishiya imida elifa labo, kwaye yokuqala enkampini kakumkani Polish, waza ke waya ukulungela ukusebenza, ubehlala kwinkundla eyathatha III. Le unyana kaHaloheshe umlawuli yobukumkani levi ngelo xesha wayenayo kuye ukulungela ukusebenza. Kwaye emva komzuzwana inzala Uraz-Mohammed wathi nguDmitry False II, leyo Khan ufuna elilungileyo lokuze amnikele kubo. Ngenxa yoko, Tushino isela bamazwe Uraz-Mohammed lizingela, waza wambulala. Kodwa kungekudala bayahlelwa efanayo kuhlelwa bhedengu, aya kufa kwi ezandleni Nogai Prince Peter Urusova.

Meschera ngenkulungwane ye-17

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-17 wathabatha itrone kwi levi Araslan Aleevich, ngubani kuqala wakhonza wamajoni warlord weSibini wayalela umkhosi ukubola kwi Vologda River. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, eMoscow sekuyinto anciphise kwimicimbi yangaphakathi Khanate. ngokukhawuleza abalawuli Russian ukumkani waqalisa ukulungisa iingxabano phakathi abameli Tatar yezikhulu. ibhayisekili phambi Elilungileyo (levi Khanate neRashiya) ebudeni bolawulo uMikhail Romanov iye yaba lixesha phantse nekhulu ekhulwini.

Kodwa kufuneka kugxininisiswe ukuba kude 20 kwenkulungwane ye-17 le AmaTatar aqhubeka inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo kwi ngakwicala Muscovite ozimeleyo amaphulo zomkhosi nxamnye Lithuanians, nezibonda zaso, "Russian Likhodeev". Emva koko ke vika umda weRashiya izisongelo ngawo iCrimea nangezinto. Emva kokufa komhlaba Meshchersky Araslana Aleevicha waya unyana wakhe ofisi oselula Seyid-Burhan. Noko ke, abasemagunyeni ukuba ummeli ubukhosi eSiberia yaba ncinci. Levi Khanate, ogama koqoqosho eneneni yajika ukuba ezandleni kaRhulumente eMoscow waba ngomnye mithombo iphambili nizalise yobuncwane Russian. Ke umlawuli olungephi lavunyelwa ukuba banxibelelane abathengisi kunye nabathunywa. Njengomntu omdala, Seid-Burhan lamkela Orthodox kokuba Basil Araslanovichem. Levi wahlala kwirhuluneli, nangona oko kuya kuxhomekeka encinane kakhulu. Seid-Burhan wafa ngo-1679.

sunset umbuso

Umlawuli lokugqibela zelizwe baba Meshcherskys Fatima Sultan (umfazi Khan Araslana Aleevicha). Ukuba eliqina, waba phezu kwetrone kwiminyaka-2 kuphela, yaye lwerhuluneli yayo nayo ngokusesikweni. cishe evinjwa ubomi. Isizathu sokuba wabulala ukuba umlawuli wafuna ukuguqula ku Orthodox.

Levi Khanate, ogama intsimi emva kokufa Fatima Sultan ekugqibeleni bafika phantsi kolawulo abathetheli Moscow, zayeka ukubakhona ngo-1681. Ke Meshcherskys ilizwe batyelela Tsar Peter I, ukuba 'poteshniku' yakhe - upopayi Balakirev - ". Kasinovskim Khan" ebizwa Kamva, uKumkanikazi uCatherine ndamnika levi ekulawuleni omnye abanokuzityand zakhe.

Emphinini levi ngokuphindaphindiweyo Xa kusitsha, ochaphazela ikakhulu imbonakalo ngembali umzi. Kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha yaba kubulela litye iinzame wezakhiwo I. Gagina. Modern levi, ibekwe kummandla Ryazan, yindawo lwee- bakuwo wonke eRashiya.