Ukuwa Ottoman: imbali, ebangela, ifuthe kunye namanqaku anika umdla

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, leyo ubunzima olungenambaliso abantu Europe, wenza ekuweni kunqandwa le Ottoman kangangeenkulungwane alawule phezu kwiindawo ezinkulu, ebe lixhoba yokwanda yayo zidla emkhosini. Ukuba bajoyine i-Central Powers, ezifana eJamani, Austria-Hungary kunye iBulgaria, kuba nabo bafumana ukrakra boyisiwe, bengakwazi kuthi ngakumbi abe womhlaba wonke phambili.

Owasungula le Ottoman

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIII, Osman Gazi I ilifa uyise Bey Ertogrul amandla am phezu aweza ezininzi Turkish awayengabemi nelaseFrigi. Ngokuvakalisa inkululeko yale ndawo lincinane kunye nokuthatha isihloko Sultan, wakwazi ukoyisa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye Asia Minor waza wafumana ubukhosi enamandla kangaka, ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe Ottoman. Waye limiselwe ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yehlabathi.

Sele phakathi kwinkulungwane XIV imikhosi Turkish lawela unxweme Europe kwaye iqala nokwandiswa yayo emide, yenza ibe karhulumente XV-XVI iinkulungwane elinye mkhulu ehlabathini. Noko ke, ekuqaleni ngokuwa Ottoman, kubekho sele kwinkulungwane XVII, xa bengazi ukoyiswa phambi ndakubona eliGorha umkhosi Turkish babethwayo elihlazo kwi ezindongeni capital Austria.

Ekubulaleni yokuqala baseYurophu

Ngowe-1683, ingxokolo Ottoman wabalekiselwa Vienna wawuthimba umzi phantsi zokungqinga. nabemi bayo, weva okuninzi malunga nesimilo zasendle nakhohlakeleyo ezi bakhona wabonisa imimangaliso ubuqhawe, ukuzikhusela bona kunye nabo babathandayo ekufeni ethile. Ngokutsho amaxwebhu zembali, impumelelo abavikeli ubukhulu becala lula ngenxa yokuba kwakukho ezininzi iinkokeli abadumileyo zomkhosi kuloo minyaka phakathi kweenjengele ekampini, ngubani bakwazi ngokuchanekileyo ngokukhawuleza athathe onke amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuzithethelela.

uya bayahlelwa abahlaseli iye yagqiba Xa ukunceda bayingqinga bafika, uKumkani Poland. basaba, eshiya amaKristu okuthinjiweyo. Olu loyiso, eyaqala ngokuwa Ottoman, kwafuneka ukuba abantu Europe, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ixabiso nasengqondweni. Yena kususa intsomi invincibility kwamazibuko-onamandla onke, njengoko kwakusenziwa phakathi baseYurophu kubiza Ottoman.

Qala ilahleko indawo

Le boyisiwe, kwakunye linani leempumelelo ezilandelayo ziye zabangela mbanjwa ngoJanuwari 1699 Karlovitskogo ihlabathi. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu Porta yalahleka phambi kokuba ukulawula ummandla Hungary, yayo kunye Timisoara. imida yayo nokuxhasa emzantsi kumgama elide. Kwaba sele kakhulu igalelo enzima ingqibelelo walo.

Khombo kwinkulungwane XVIII

Ukuba isiqingatha sokuqala kwinkulungwane elandelayo, XVIII, yabalasela impumelelo ezithile wamajoni Ottoman, evumela oko nakuba sikho ngelahleko Derbent okwethutyana, kodwa nokugcina ukufikelela kwi-Black and Azov Seas, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yazisa inani yeentsilelo, ukuqikelela ukuwa nekamva Ottoman.

Ekubulaleni kwemfazwe Turkish, leyo uCatherine II kukhokelele Ottoman Sultan, wenza umqondiso wokugqibela kuJulayi 1774 uxolo sivumelwano, phantsi kwayo eRashiya lafumana umhlaba yade phakathi Dnieper kunye Bug Southern. kunyaka olandelayo kuzisa intlekele entsha - Port esakwazi ligqithiselwe Austria Bukovina.

Kugqitywe ukuba Ottoman kwinkulungwane XVIII yintlekele epheleleyo. lahluleka yokugqibela kwimfazwe Russian-Turkish yakhokelela ekuphelisweni a ntle kakhulu nehlazo Jassy ihlabathi, njengoko apho inkunkuma eRashiya wonke ummandla Sea kumantla Black, kuquka usingasiqithi iCrimea.

Ukusayinwa ukuqinisekisa uxwebhu ngoku nangonaphakade eCrimea wethu, wabeka Prince Potemkin ngokobuqu. Ukongeza, i-Ottoman kwanyanzeleka ukuba kunikezela kumazwe Russian phakathi Bug eseMazantsi Dniester, kwakunye nazigqibo kunye nelahleko indawo lwalo eCaucasus kunye kwiiBalkans.

Ukuqala leminyaka kunye neengxaki ezintsha

Ukuqala ngokuwa Ottoman ngenkulungwane ye-19 wabumisela kuye omnye ukoyiswa emfazweni Russian-Turkish ka-1806-1812. Isiphumo sale nto ukusayinwa e Bucharest kwelinye, enyanisweni, yingozi iSivumelwano Ports. Icala Russian iye becala egunyazisiweyo Mihail Illarionovich Kutuzov, kunye nesiTurkish - Ahmed Pasha. yonke indawo ukusuka Dniester ukuya mfula wemka Russia waza waba kummandla yokuqala Bessarabia, ngoko ke iphondo Bessarabia, ngoku Moldova na.

Lo mzamo baseTurkey ngo-1828 ukuzama ukuthatha impindezelo Russian for ukoyiswa elidlulileyo wajika lahluleka entsha omnye isayinwe kunyaka ozayo Andreapol uxolo sivumelwano, Ususa oko intsimi sele entle skimpy weDanube Delta. On top of iingxaki ngexesha elifanayo ukuzimela Greece.

impumelelo zexesha elifutshane, kwakhona ukutshintsha izilonda

Ekuphela Ottoman luck ixesha ngexesha iCrimea War ka-1853-1856, ineptly walahlekelwa Nicholas I. ezihlangwini zakhe phezu kwetrone soMhlekazi Russian Alexander II kwanyanzeleka lokuncamela Bessarabia nasePorte inxalenye ebalulekileyo, kodwa kwiminyaka elandelayo 1877-1878 imfazwe omtsha babuyela ezihlalweni zabo.

Ukuqhubeka sokonakalisa Ottoman. Ngokunenzuzo mzuzu kakuhle, kulo nyaka wahlukana eRomania, Serbia kunye Montenegro. Onke amazwe amathathu bathi inkululeko yabo. It Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII ukuya umanyano Ottoman bakumntla Bulgaria kunye ummandla obuphezu kwabo ubukhosi, ogama Southern Rumelia.

Imfazwe Balkan Union

ngekhulu XX lisukela emva ukuwa yokugqibela Ottoman kunye nemfundo Republic Turkish. Oku kwakhokelwa uthotho lweziganeko, eyaqaliswa ngo-1908, Bulgaria ukuzimela kunye nesiphelo ngaloo ezingamakhulu amahlanu idyokhwe Turkish. Oku kulandelwa yimfazwe ka 1912-1913, wathi nasePorte Balkan Union. Sasiquka eBulgaria, Greece, Serbia kunye Montenegro. Injongo yezi States yaba kuthinjwe imimandla akwi ngelixa Ottoman.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba Turks wabeka imikhosi ezimbini ezinamandla, South kunye North, imfazwe, leyo eyaphela ngo ngamlomo Balkan Alliance, kwakhokelela wokutyikitywa esinye isivumelwano eLondon, ogqwetha eli xesha Ottoman phantse yonke usingasiqithi Balkan, wamshiya kuphela inxalenye encinane Istanbul kunye eThrace. Inxalenye iphambili ezinabantu samkela, Greece kunye Serbia, nelenyuse ngeendleko yendawo yabo phantse kabini. Ngaloo mihla, yaye kwasekwa urhulumente omtsha - Albania.

Isihlokomiso weRiphabliki Turkey

Malunga nendlela ngokuwa Ottoman kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, unako nje, ukulandela ikhondo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Efuna aphinde ubuncinane inxalenye elichithwe ngenkulungwane yokugqibela, imihlaba, i-Port wathabatha inxaxheba kwemfazwe, kodwa yeshwangusha lakhe, phezu amagunya kwicala elahlekelwe - eJamani, Austria-Hungary kunye Bulgaria. Oko kwaba igalelo lokugqibela, siwelwe ubukhosi someleleyo, nto asingabokoyikwa ihlabathi liphela. Andizange kumsindisa yena uwine uloyiso 1922 ngaphezu eGrisi. Inkqubo ekungafuneki yayisele vuhlayiseki.

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yaphela ngokutyikitya Ports ngo-1920 Sevres Treaty, phantsi apho namahlakani azihlubayo azebiwa elidlulileyo, wahlala phantsi kolawulo Turkish intsimi iphumelele. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekuweni epheleleyo kunye declaration yayo ka-29 Oktobha 1923 i-Republic of Turkey. Esi senzo kwaphawula ukuphela ngaphezulu kwe babengamakhulu omathandathu, anamanci amabali Ottoman.

Uninzi lwabaphandi ukubona isizathu ngokuwa Ottoman, ingakumbi backwardness loqoqosho yayo, inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu kwishishini, akukho iindlela ezaneleyo kunye nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano. Kweli lizwe libe kwinqanaba feudalism zamaxesha, phantse bonke abantu ukufunda. Xa izalathisi ezininzi bukhosi waba kakhulu aphuhlileyo kakhulu kunezinye amazwe kwexesha.

Injongo ubungqina bokuba ekuweni bukhosi

Ukuthetha ngezinto zinto wabonisa sokonakalisa Ottoman, kufuneka kuchazwe kuqala zonke iinkqubo zopolitiko ezenzeka kulo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kwaye cishe akunakwenzeka kumathuba. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba Young Turk Revolution ka-1908, ngexesha apho wasebenzisa amandla kweli amalungu yelizwe umbutho "Union kunye Inkqubela". Bezinqika Sultan wabeka siseko.

Abalweli elide zigcinwe ngokwabo ngamandla, kufakwe abaxhasi Sultan wazidla. ixesha Landela-up wazaliswa igazi okubangelwa yangqubana alwayo kunye notshintsho lwabalawuli. Yonke le ubungqina elingenakuphikiswa into yokuba amandla strong oluyintloko iphelile, yeza ngokuwa Ottoman.

Ngokufutshane UPawulos, kufuneka kuthiwe Turkey sele lisigqibile umendo, kangangeenkulungwane ezilungiselelwe lonke States, baye bayeka uphawu yabo kwimbali. Le ekuzalweni, eneentyatyambo ngokukhawuleza yaye ekugqibeleni ukunqaba, kukhokelela impilo yabo. I Ottoman nakuthathatha ngokupheleleyo, ukuba kule mihla, nangona Ndandingonwabanga, kodwa hayi ilungu ezibalaseleyo zoluntu lonke.