Le ngcinga ukulwelwa. ukulwelwa Revolutionary. Ukulwelwa - is ...

Into esiyaziyo ukulwelwa? Mhlawumbi kufuneka bandise ulwazi lwabo? Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uya ngokuqinisekileyo kufumana into entsha.

Ngenxa yoko, ukulwelwa - yinto intshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko a ezinawo ezithile nezazi, kwakunye imfundiso ezizinzululwazi yoBukhosi baseRashiya, kwisiqingatha sesibini-19 - ekuqaleni. 20. Injongo yale abaxhasi oku yaba uphuhliso imodeli yesizwe zazivelela non-longxowankulu yaye kukhubazeko chu labantu ukuba nemiqathango langoku eqhubekayo. Ukulwelwa - yinkqubo iingcamango leyo namandla kakhulu kumazwe kunye kuqoqosho abalaseleyo kwezolimo kwindawo yokugcina ngethuba lenguqu ukuya kwisigaba mveliso zophuhliso (ngaphandle iRashiya, ukuba Poland kunye Ukraine, amazwe Caucasus kunye aseBalti).

Okwangoku, inzululwazi iye Kucetyiswa ukuba abameli balo wabhenela kwinginginya, ukhokelwa nje kuphela bona kwezopolitiko kubulawe ekhawulezileyo lobuzwilakhe (oku Injongo mbuso ngaloo mihla), kodwa imfuno lwangaphakathi ekuhlangabezaneni iinkcubeko ezimbini - iintsomi kunye neklasi ofundileyo. Ukulwelwa - luhlobo lwe socialism nephupha kunye neeprojekthi ezithile izimilo kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi yoluntu. Nokwanda yale meko negalelo umanyano lwesizwe ngokususa ngezigaba kwaye zenze imvelaphi ukudala uluntu enye osemthethweni kubantu bazo zonke iyaxela.

Abaqambi ukulwelwa

Baba Herzen kunye Chernyshevsky. Kodwa ke imiqondiso yokuqala sivakala imisebenzi A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, kunye A. Ya Chaadaev, owabonisa umdla omkhulu kwi kwimiba yezentlalo imisebenzi yakhe, "inyaniso ebomini." Ivela apha kwaye imvelaphi yayo ukulwelwa Russian.

Herzen

Ngowe-1830 Herzen waba nomdla Hegelianism, wayekholelwa ukuba ukuze inkqubela yezentlalo kufuneka abe nethemba ekuziphuhliseni, libeyise unya yezentlalo ngokomoya phezu kwakhe. Noko ke, badana kuphuhliso Europe, wayekholelwa kwilizwe lethu, xa ukulwelwa eRashiya. Herzen wabona ikamva layo kwi inguqu zokuphatha impahla, zinto ezo zisekelwe yamanyama kufuneka siboniswe kunye namalungu oluntu efanayo. Zonke ezi nemisinga ukulwelwa, wafumana eluntwini. Herzen iyayithanda ngeenqobo zokuziphatha abalimi eRashiya, wabeka collectivism yabo 'yendalo' ngaphezulu lee iminqweno kuzimele ye baseYurophu. imigaqo ziqulunqwe kuye yenza isiseko ingcamango lokuqala "socialism Russian".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, kwelinye icala, wachukumiseka gqitha kukubona 'Westernism "kunye ingcamango yakhe inkqubela yezentlalo ezisekelwe inkolelo jikelele kuphuhliso lwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, kwakunye noluntu kweendlela zophuhliso yaseYurophu Russian. Ngokungafaniyo imbono "socialism non-revolution 'i zoxolo Herzen kaThixo, akazange wayesazi isisombululo ubundlobongela kwimiba ekuhlaleni. Chernyshevsky wayeyiqonda kakuhle into yokuba kukho imfuno ngomsebenzi ixesha elide yemfundo kunye nezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu ukusombulula iingxaki zalo ezinkulu kwezentlalo. Eli nani uluntu ukukhuthaza nezimvo inkululeko abalimi ezweni ngaphandle imbuyekezo, ekupheliseni bureaucracy, ukunyoba, ekuqhubeni yokuguqula izixhobo karhulumente, umbutho ka wengingqi self-government, kokubizwa vsesoslovnogo amaziko ummeli kunye nokusekwa kwe-oda siseko. radicals abaninzi lwasekhaya ezifumaneka imisebenzi yakhe ukubiza umsebenzi inkxaso ixesha elide, kodwa ingcamango yotshintsho olululo kwilizwe.

Ezi ndlela zimbini - eliphakathi (zobunene) kunye olukhulu (revolution) ukulwelwa waba unobangela imisinga ezimbini. Ingqalelo ulwalathiso olululo phakathi 1850 naphambi 1881. Emva kokubulawa * uKhesare Alexander II (1 Matshi 1881) kunye ukusa kwinkulungwane yama-20, le ndlela yeyona ngokubanzi melo.

Ukulwelwa - yinto isenzeko eyodwa yenkcubeko

Imvelaphi ukulwelwa unxulunyaniswa kwimbali lokusekwa nezazi eRashiya. Ingcamango nemfesane ngenxa yesono yabantu (Berdyaev) zipeyintwe yonke inkqubo osezingqondweni zoluntu kwilizwe lethu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Ukulwelwa ideology wazama ukudibanisa izinto Westernism kunye Slavophilism. izimvo zabo - indlela non-nkulu yophuhliso, yenguqu kwiSocialism collectivism ukulondoloza uluntu lwasemaphandleni - baye yaxobuka kwaye ebalulekileyo ngumkhuba-bulumko Russian kunye nenkcubeko. Le nkqubo imibono jikelele ziqulathe izinto esebenzayo ezikhona, nangona utopianism. Xa intliziyo efanelekileyo yokuziphatha - inkolelo kwi yokuziphatha nabalungileyo ukuba ungakwazi ukutshintsha ngcono ihlabathi. Populists Andikholelwa kuThixo baba kubukho ndeyisekile, kunjalo, izimvo zabo sifika kwi ingcamango "kwiSocialism" yaye "amagugu yobuKristu."

Amarhamente kulo mzabalazo bakhululwa ezingqondweni karhulumente phantsi ngobulukhuni ecaweni, kodwa wahlala amasiko zamaKristu yenkcubeko eqhelekileyo. Ukulwelwa ngcinga lobuzwilakhe wenza omzimba iindlela afanelekileyo karhulumente liberalism. Benkululeko babona abasemagunyeni abo bavukeli, ngoko umbuso ifumana inkxaso yayo kuphela kwindawo endala, leyo ngokukhawuleza ekugqibeleni ukufa kwakhe.

Izikhombisi ezenzeka

Ngokutsho neqondo radicalism ahluka:

• Phakathi ngokonga;
• ulawulo-melo-mbuso;
• ukulwelwa lwezentlalo-mbuso;
• anarchist.

iphiko Conservative kwakuhambisana slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). imisebenzi yayo le ubuncinane zahlolwa imelwe kakhulu umsebenzi lwabasebenzi beli phephancwadi "Iveki" Chervinsky P. and I. Kablitz.

Abameli zobunene-revolution (centrist) iphiko 60-70s kwenkulungwane ye-19: uElisha ( "Contemporary" iphephancwadi), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, eSt Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "irekhodi basekhaya"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov kunye nezinye . Ukukhokela ideologues bakhe Lavrov kunye Mikhailovsky.
Abalandeli indlela zentlalo revolution Narodnichestvo waya Tkachev kwaye ethile elivunyelwe sasijonge anelisekile Morozov ekukhuthazeni ukulungiselela elide kunye sesichengeni koluntu. Basondela ke ingcamango lunikezelo, ukukhawuleziswa revolution.

iphiko Anarchist umngeni imfuneko yokutshintsha ngaphakathi elizweni. Populists anarchist Kropotkin kunye Bakunin baba sokuthandabuza urhulumente, kuquka amakhoboka ayo abathintela inkululeko ngamnye. Kwathi kanti, ukuba badlale ngethuba indima kakhulu yingozi, kodwa kwithiyori eziliqela iingcinga ezintle.

Kwiiklabhu lokuqala kunye nemibutho

Kwiminyaka 1856-1858 kwakukho isangqa ze kwiYunivesithi eKharkov. Ngowe-1861 ukuba indawo yi-Union weza phantsi kobunkokheli PE kunye PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo eMoscow. Amalungu aso kuphela indlela yokuguqula ubunyani eziyingqongileyo ingqalelo a revolution.

"Land and Freedom"

Umbutho kakhulu ezinamandla ofihlakeleyo St. Petersburg kwiminyaka 1861-1864 yaba "Land and Freedom". Amalungu ayo (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, iihupu, Utin, Rymarenko) ndandifuna "iimeko revolution." Le program ye-Society ngezinto ukutshintshwa komhlaba abalimi (ezicwangciselwe ukukuhlawulela), ukutshintshwa onke amagosa anyuliweyo amagosa, ukuncitshiswa kwenkcitho emkhosini kwinkundla yakomkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, la malungiselelo abangazange bafumane inkxaso esaneleyo phakathi kwabantu, yaye ngenxa yoko intlangano apheliswe, eseleyo nkqu wafumanisa iinkonzo somculo yasebukhosini.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina uluntu revolution eyavela isangqa, amalungu ombutho "Land and Freedom". Injongo yakhe ukulungiselela revolution yamahlwempu ngu sebali amaqela yengqondo. Kwiinzame ukuzisa ebomini ezinye iingcamango Chernyshevsky ukudala oomasifundisane kunye ookopolotyeni, amalungu oluntu wavula eMoscow kwisikolo simahla ngo-1865, ndibopha yaye iindibano bokuthunga, olwenziwe thethwano malunga nokusekwa Thethani, kunye nabasebenzi ironworks Lyudinovo kwiphondo ukulungela ukusebenza, esisekwe-mveliso yomqhaphu ngokusekelwe Association ngo 1865 kwisithili Mozhaisk. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky kunguhata entolongweni, kodwa umsebenzi wabo yaphazamiseka April 4, 1866 kokubulawa umzamo Karakozov, omnye wamalungu kwalo mbutho, umlawuli. Kulo mzekelo ngaphezu kwama 2,000 populists beze phantsi kophando, 36 bagwetywa ukuba amanyathelo ezahlukeneyo amandla (Karakozov - lokusila Ishutin zibekwe bavalelwa bodwa Shlisselburg inqaba, apho kamva ziyageza).

"Massacre Abantu"

Lo mbutho ekhokelwa Nechayev amelwe intshukumo olukhulu ukulwelwa kwaye lasekwa ngo-1869 e-eMoscow St Petersburg. Kwakugcwele kwabantu 77. Injongo yawo naye ulungiselela i "revolution abantu". Sergei Nechayev ezihlanganiswe inzondelelo yombutho kunye nokunqongophala siseko, inkohliso, ukulawulwa. Nxamnye naye wakhuthaza ngokuphandle P. L. Lavrov, ngubani babekholelwa ukuba "akukho bani mithi ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko yokuziphatha umzabalazo ubunyulu, kwaye kufuneka ningachithi ithontsi elinye engaphezulu legazi." Nechayev kuthiwa ngesothuso, njengasengcaphukisweni. Wayeqiniseka ukuba iindlela ezinjalo ziya kuba luncedo bezikhulule imo, uya kuzisa nekamva eliqaqambileyo. Ivanov, ukuthetha okubi Nechayev, kamva ityala lokungcatsha urhulumente aze abulawe. Amapolisa wavula ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nentloko mbutho wabaleka kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kwafunyanwa, wabanjwa kwaye bazama nje mthetho eqhelekileyo.

Le ideology akubanga lilize, yaye kubonakala ingcinga olululo namanye amazwe. Ngoko ke, sidibana ukulwelwa (XX ngenkulungwane) kwi iintshukumo populist zamazwe zehlabathi wesithathu kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.