EBukhara Emirate: ifoto, iisimboli zesizwe, isakhiwo kwezentlalo, kuluntu kwezolimo, imihombiso, imali. Kunye nale Emirate ku Russia

EBukhara Emirate - na iqumrhu zolawulo ezazikho ukususela 18 ukuya kwenkulungwane yama-20 e-Asia. ummandla wayo kuhlala Uzbekistan mihla kunye inxalenye Turkmenistan. Ngexesha lemfazwe Russian nxamnye Emirate lokugqibela wavuma ingumbuso zombuso, waza wafumana iwonga Protectorate. Cinga ngakumbi kunokuba wayedume kule ndawo.

Imbali i Emirate

Umsunguli of Education yobuphathi Mohammed Rahimby. Emva kokufa kwakhe, amandla wegqitha kuyisekazi Daniyalbiyu. Ke yona ingumphathi obuthathaka, nto leyo eyabangela ukunganeliseki yabemi. Ngo-1784 waqalisa lo qhankqalazo. Ngenxa yoko, amandla wegqitha waya unyana wakhe Daniyalbiya Shakhmuradov. Irhuluneli omtsha waqalisa kunye nokuphelisa kwamagosa amabini ezinamandla kunye yonakalise - Nizamuddin-kazikalona kunye Davlat-kushbegi. Baye bafa phambi kwentendelezo. Emva koko Shahmurad wanika abemi kubhalwe ngawo ukuba ayichatshazelwa ezinye iirhafu. Endaweni yoko, ukuba iye yasekwa ukugcina umkhosi xa imfazwe. Ngo-1785 waqalisa kubuyiselo emali, yokugubungela yonke Emirate ka eBukhara. Imali kweentlobo ezimbini: phezulu-grade isilivere iyunifomu negolide. Shahmurad waba ngokobuqu intloko isebe ngokusemthethweni. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, wabuyela ibhanki lasekhohlo Amu Darya kunye Merv kunye Balkh. I 1786th Shahmurad zicinezelwa uchulumanco kwiSithili Kermine, wenza iphulo ngempumelelo Khujand kunye Shahrisabz. Ukongeza, impumelelo kwabakho imfazwe Timur Shah (umlawuli Afghan). Shakhmuradov ikwazile ukugcina emazantsi Turkestan, apho wayehlala khona Tajiks.

izimpi wobukhosi

Emva kokufumana itrone Emir Haidar (nyana Shakhmuradov) waqalisa uphakamo ubunzima kunye ingxabano. Ngowe-1800, izixholoxholo yaqala phakathi Turkmens of Merv. Kungekudala emva kokuba imfazwe Kokand, apho Haidar ikwazile ukugcina Uratyube. Inkqubo yezopolitiko kweli lizwe ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe yaqaliswa ngokohlobo lobukhosi esondela absolutism kwindawo enye. Haidar uyilandela yayiquka amawaka 4. Abantu. inani imikhosi liye landa kakhulu. Isebenzisa amawaka-12. Abantu.

Board Nasrallah

UNyana Haidar weza amandla phantse kunganqandwa - babulawa Mir Umar kunye Mir Hussein, nabazalwana bakhe abadala. Ixhaswe licandelo abefundisi kunye nomkhosi, Nasrallah waqalisa ukulwa nzima ukuqhekezwa kokuzama ukunqanda kwazi. Kwiinyanga zokuqala ahlale phezu kwetrone, babulawe abantu 50-100. imihla ngemihla. Umlawuli omtsha wafuna ukuhlanganisa kwiindawo apho ngegama yakhiwe eBukhara Emirate. Xa ulawulo viloyats abo bantu rootless baqeshwa, ezibe ngokupheleleyo kweleta kuye. A nefuthe elibi kwezopolitiko zasekhaya kunye nobomi babantu eloyisile Kokand Khanate Emirate of eBukhara, Khiva Khanate. War peridium Nasrallah ubukumkani baba phantse rhoqo. Khanate of Khiva kunye eBukhara Emirate wawalwela eziliqela kwiindawo umda.

The Red Army

Ngenxa imisebenzi zomkhosi kwesele Emirate eRashiya. 1868 waba unyaka wenguquko kubukho ntsimi. Ngelo xesha, irhuluneli Muzaffar. NgoMatshi, wathi imfazwe iRussia. Noko ke, nempi yakhe woyiswa Meyi 2 kwecala General Kaufman. Kamva amajoni Russian wangena Samarkand. Kodwa lalingekafiki ukulawula ngokusesikweni Emirate ukuya Russia. 1873 kwaphawulwa nokukhutshwa Red Army ubume elawulwa indawo Protectorate. Ukuxhomekeka kunyuke ebudeni bolawulo Abdulahad. Le yokugqibela, lowo unamandla, waba Mohammed Alim Khan. Yena wayengumlawuli de ukufika iiBolsheviks ngo-1920, njengoko zadityaniswa ngaphambili kunye Emirate eRashiya ngenxa ukusebenza Red Army.

izixhobo zokulawula

Njengentloko yombuso Emir wathetha. Yena waba namandla phantse mda. Waye siqokelele irhafu kushbegi. Nguye lo vizier oyintloko ilawulwa imicimbi eli lizwe, wakhokela kwincoko kunye neenkosi zasekuhlaleni, kwaye ikhokelwa kwisixhobo solawulo. kushbegi Daily ngokobuqu ingxelo kwirhuluneli ngale meko kweli lizwe. vizier Chief Wamisa onke amagosa ngaphandle enyangweni.

isakhiwo Emirate Social

Nabalawulayo yayahlulwe abantu abefundisi esemthethweni - ulama kunye nesikhundla wempangelo - amaldarov. Iqela lokuqala luquka izazinzulu - amagqwetha, abefundisi, ootitshala kunye nezinye madrassas. amaqela wengqesho kwirenki enikele Emir, kunye nabameli kwiklasi ngokomoya kwakhiwa kwezinye isidima okanye isihloko. Okokuqala 15, owesibini - 4. BECAM divanbeki owayamileyo, kurbashi, yasaulbashi kunye Babehlala. Inkoliso yabantu iye zimelwe yi kwilifa lonke elimiweyo. Yayibizwa ngokuba fuqara. Udidi sigqibo yaba ilizwe yezikhulu feudal. Yayibizwa ngokuba sarkarda okanye navkar kunye nabalawuli basekuhlaleni. Ngexesha ubukhosi bakhe eBukhara ebizwa amaldar okanye Sipahi. Ngaphandle iiklasi ezimbini ezinkulu, nowesithathu likhona. Kwathiwa ke abantu abo zikhululwe imisebenzi irhafu. Le ezinawo kwezentlalo mkhulu ngokwaneleyo. Sasiquka zamasilamsi, mullahs, Mirza, mudarris kunye nabanye. Kubemi Panj ephezulu yahlulwa nempahla ezimbini: nabalawulayo yaye irhafu. isigaba Lower okuqala navkar (Chakar). Baye enyulwa okanye etyunjwa ngayo shah okanye ihlabathi labantu abaye baba izakhono zomkhosi okanye zezolawulo. Umlawuli leliya lizwe ngokungqinelana imithetho elifuna kunye nomthetho wesiNtu. Ababenaye amagosa eziliqela ophetheyo nganye leyo eye kushishino yolawulo ethile.

Iirhafu kunye

Beki minyaka negalelo wokulondoloza imali ethile waza wathumela isixa iseti izipho. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho iikhaphethi, iminweba, amahashe. Emva koko, Bey ngamnye waba ngumlawuli elizimeleyo kwisithili yakhe. Kwi kwinqwanqwa liphantsi kulawulo abadala. Bazenza imisebenzi zamapolisa. Becky akazange ukufumana nayiphi na imali Emir kwaye kwafuneka ukuba ugcine ulawulo yakhe kunye imali eseleyo kwi irhafu yabantu emva kokuba kuhlawulwe imali zobuncwane. Kubahlali balapha kusekwa uthotho irhafu. Ingakumbi, ukuba ahlawulwe uhlobo heradzh, 1/10 isivuno imali TANAP kunye amasimi nemiyezo, kwakunye zyaket yi-2.5% yexabiso impahla. Le mbuya babevunyelwa ukuba ahlawule uhlobo yokugqibela. irhafu ukuba isayizi yazo 1/40 zemfuyo (ngaphandle iinkomo namahashe).

division Administrative

EBukhara Emirate, ogama ezinkulu imelwe ifoto kweli nqaku, yahlulwe bekstva. Ke ezi iintloko zolawulo okanye izihlobo umlawuli lizwe, okanye ngomntu oyoliswa inkoloseko yakhe ekhethekileyo. Bekstva ohlulwa aba amlyakdarstva, njl tumens. EBukhara emirate ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaye liqulethe elizimeleyo emphaya ezimbini. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, liphathwe Darwaz, Karategin ukuba uzimele kwaye ilawulwa ngabalawuli zasekuhlaleni. On Zap. Pamir khona 4 phakathi kwezi emphaya ezimbini. Nganye kuzo yahlulelwe kwii ariya yolawulo - egadini okanye Panja. Xa intloko ngamnye kubo waba ngumdala. In Arbab (umdala) wakhonza njengoko elikwisikhundla lolawulo asezantsi. Njengomgaqo, wayengomnye lali.

umnotho

Aba iinkomo kufuywe ezolimo umsebenzi oyinhloko yabemi. Inkoliso yabantu liqulethe abantu amavila. Kubo bakha nokulima. In eBukhara Emirate waba ezininzi zamaqela amadlelo kunye nezo ephila. Kwakhona ngayo iziza kufuphi iinkampu zabo ebusika. Xa uninzi bamhlaba echumayo. Kwaye kukho abathile osisivunda ehlathini nodongwe loess. Ngonkcenkceshelo kakuhle umhlaba unika lesivuno esikhulu kangaka. Ihlobo phantse sonke ummandla weli lizwe kushushu kwaye kome. Kulo mba, kwakufuneka kubekho amalungiselelo inkqubo yamanzi ngumntu. Oku kubandakanya ukufakwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuba ukufuma kwaba uluntu ngokwaneleyo yezolimo Emirate of eBukhara ukuba uhlakulele ezifanelekileyo ukuze kummandla wonke. Enyanisweni, ukuqhubekekiswa ubuncinane-10%. Ngelo xesha, njengoko umthetho, ezi zindawo zibekwe kufutshane imithombo yamanzi. amanzi aphilileyo kodwa ubukele, Surkhan, i Amu Darya kunye Kafirnigan, esetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela ngokupheleleyo. On kule milambo afune ufakelo kweendawo okunkcenkceshela ezibe ayifumaneki, kwaye ngabanye, kwaye nkqu nemizana yonke. Ngoko ke, amanzi kwezolimo ezithe zasetyenziswa imali encinane.

isiko

Kwiinkalo ekunkcenkcesheleni banakho:

• Ilusini.
• Cotton.
• Icuba.
• Isazobe.
• Ukolo.
• Imidumba.
• Namabele.
• Irhasi.
• Len.
• Sesame.
• Yimadder.
• Mak.
• Benemfuyo njalo njalo.

Le cotton wenza njengenye yezona mveliso zibaluleke kakhulu zezolimo. imveliso yayo iye yafika 1.5 million uneemina. Kule mali, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha zisuka eRashiya. Ekubeni ezinye izityalo zivuthwe ngokukhawuleza ngenxa amaqondo aphezulu entwasahlobo zasehlotyeni namaxesha, amasimi ngamanye amaxesha ukuphinda-yodaka imbotyi kunye nezinye izityalo. Rice uye wahlakulela kuphela kwiindawo Abazizityebi ibingenakunyakama.

Gardens nemiyezo

Bona aba luncedo olukhulu kubemi bezo ndawo. izitiya zemifuno kunye nemiyezo ezityaliweyo iidiliya kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, quince, Anut, apricot, ivatala, nabantwana, umxoxozi, ama-apile kunye namapere ngamanye amaxesha. Kulinywa kwaye umkhiwane kunye yakhwela emthini. Le yokugqibela ifumaneka kwiindawo ezintabeni cheap, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukutya ezizodwa ngohlobo somhlaba kunye amaqunube womile. Ukongeza, emiyezweni lakhula ikhaphetshu, iminqathe, amatswele, kwaneekomkomere, iipepile, radish, iisugar kunye neminye imifuno.

ukufuya iinkomo

waphuhliswa It kakuhle, kodwa eyahlukileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Emathafeni yaye kohlaza, apho kukho inani becala ungenzi nto, iinkomo abazange eqhelekileyo. Izilwanyana ikhule ikakhulu Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz - abantu amadlelo. Wahlala phezu emaqeleni yasentshona. Apha siye sajika emfutshane lweKarakul neenkamela. Kuye kwasungulwa kakuhle iinkomo kwiindawo entabeni mpuma. Ngokukodwa, ezi amadlelo kwi ezintlanjeni Hissar kunye Alay zokhahlamba Darwaz kunye nakwezinye iindawo. Inani labemi apha bukhulileyo nezimvu, namahashe, iibhokhwe kunye nabanye imfuyo. Ngawo kwezi ndawo eBukhara Emirate kunikwa iphekhi kunye nezilwanyana ixhelwe. Njengoko imarike engundoqo isixeko Karshi kunye Guzar. Ezi abarhwebi bathontelana ukuya kwintsimi ethafeni. Eyayisakwaziwa ngokuba eBukhara emirate amahashe nabaKhulisi kwaye ezintle (karabairami, isileyi, njl ..).

imboni

EBukhara Emirate - ezweni kwezolimo. Kwakungekho mveliso ezinkulu. Zonke iimveliso zenziwa kwi umatshini elula okanye ngesandla. Indawo yokuqala kwishishini wathabatha ishishini zomqhaphu. umqhaphu sendawo kusingathwa calico, baqhathe okanye enye into. Baphantse zonke ilokhwe, ukongeza kubameli labantu elite. izinto ezithandwayo baba isilika, kunye semi-silk amalaphu. Iwulu isetyenziswa ikakhulu mbuya. Okunye ishishini lemveliso mveliso ahambele ziquka Izihlalo, wezikhumba, izihlangu, izikhongozeli yodongwe okanye isinyithi, imibhobho nesinyithi neemveliso, nezikrweqe, amafutha kunye bokudaya.

trade

EBukhara Emirate ithatha indawo entle wejografi. Oku kunempembelelo entle kurhwebo amazwe. Kwi inxalenye yaseYurophu yabathengisi Russian ahlanganiswa ngokuyinxenye kwindlela endala umkhoko nge Orenburg kunye Kazalinsk. Eyona ndlela iphambili zonxibelelwano lwenziwa ngokugqitha kaloliwe Astrakhan kunye Uzun Ada. In Russia amazwe iimpahla ezixabisa izigidi 12 p, baza kwaziswa -. 10. zyaket ebizwayo (2.5% yexabiso) kweemveliso amazwe. Neempahla ezithunyelwa babehlawulwa-5%, ukuba umrhwebi - eBukhara ngummi kwilizwe, yaye 2.5% xa oko Russian.

iflegi

Oku kuchazwa iisimboli imo Emirate of eBukhara. Iflegi ilaphu ebuxande oqaqambileyo oluhlaza. Kunye iileta zayo mphini yegolide script Arabic ubonisa igama Emir, naphezu cala libhabhayo - le shahadah (bubungqina enobudlelwane Allah). Phakathi kwezi mibhalo obekwe iceba inkwenkwezi (ezintlanu-point). Baba kwi "esandleni Fatima" - njengekhubalo olukhuselayo. Khaimah iflegi anombala izivatho abamnyama. Shaft ipeyintiweyo oluhlaza, yena wayekho encotsheni iceba segolide.

zimpawu

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Order of the Emirate zaye zaziswa emva kokufumana imo Protectorate. Esi siganeko ebonakalayo kwavusa inani lotshintsho olubalulekileyo kubomi yangaphakathi kweli lizwe. Ingakumbi, inkqubo yamabhaso zeenkonzo iye yaziswa. Umahluko yokuqala 'i-Order of Noble eBukhara ". Yaye yasekwa ngu Muzaffar al-Din ngo-1881. Ngowe-1882 th Umyalelo waba amanye amagosa omkhosi yesizwe. Ngo-1893 th oko yahlulwe degrees 8. Kulo nyaka iye yahlaziywa. Ngokuhambelana tape premium odolo kunye umqondiso ziye zaziswa. Ngaphambi omnye uhambo lwethu Emir waba uvimba kwee-odolo. Kuhambo lwakhe, wabanika iinkwenkwezi ngaphezulu kwama-150. Ngelo xesha, njengoko kuboniswa kule mithombo, abanini abo abe ngumntu eyahlukileyo kakhulu - ukusuka zosasazo yentsapho yasebukhosini zintatheli. Emva kwexesha elithile, irhuluneli waqalisa ukusasaza bamazwe uMyalelo ngokwakhe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwaba nzima ukufumana ezisemthethweni, bai, igosa eBukhara, eza kuba nekhaya lethu iilokhwe inkwenkwezi lokunxibela. Ukongeza, eli bhaso idla anikwe Russian. Ezifike kunye nabarhwebi babo baberhweba eBukhara. Kwaba ngokwaneleyo ukuze benze umnikelo encinane igosa elithile. Kuthiwa ukuba akazange ngokuba Emir noMyalelo lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi. Nangona le nkcazelo wayesaziwa kuye. Le mbasa yesibini lasekwa Abdalahadom ekupheleni kuka-1890. Wakhangela ngathi inkwenkwezi, waba oneribhoni kunye uphawu. Wabizwa ngokuba "umqondiso Crown eBukhara karhulumente." Ngowe-1898 wabekwa phezulu enye imbasa - irhafu ukuya Alexander III. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Iskander Salis" ( "I-Sun Alexander"). Eli umyalelo yanikwa kuphela amagosa aphakamileyo zodidi Russian. Kuye kwenziwa ngegolide ngohlobo yinkwenkwezi ngokudangazela ezisibhozo njengezivatho. Xa iziko yaba isangqa, ngaphakathi apho kubekwe 4 diamond, ibekwe kwemilo triangle, nto leyo ethetha ukuba unobumba "A". Kwisangqa encinane hlisa yaba lomzobo III. Waye kwakhona engqongwe ngedayimani. Order of the eBukhara Emirate yomhla yeHijri (ikhalenda Islamic). Production lwaqhutywa kwi itemplates ezizodwa. Azisukele baxoxa Mint.

posts indlela

Kwiindlela zevili zemizila yaseBukhara aziqhelekanga. Ngelo xesha, ezo zikhoyo zazikho kwiindawo ezisenyakatho-ntshona kunye nenyakatho yelizwe. Umyalezo okhulile wenziwa kwi-arbas. Bayizinqwelo ezinamavili aphezulu angama-2 ajikelezayo. I-Arba yayilungelelaniswe kakuhle kwiindlela ezimbi. Ukuhamba kunye nokuthutha kweempahla kwenzelwe iindlela zokuhamba ngeenkamela ngeenkonzo zeenkamela. Ukuhamba ngeentaba, ii-packhorses kunye neesile. I-Khanate yahlula ngodidi lweGissar. Kwintshona-ntshona-ntshona kunye nenyakatho, ukuthutha kunye nokunxibelelana kwakuqhutyelwa ikakhulukazi kwi-arbas kunye nxalenye kwiipakethi, nakumazantsi-kuphela kwindlela yepakethi. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lubangelwa ukuphuhliswa kwezenkcubeko eziphantsi komhlaba kunye neendlela ezimbi kwenye. Phantse zonke iindlela eziphambili zaqala ukusuka eBukhara. Abazange bakhonze kuphela uxhulumaniso lwangaphakathi, kodwa banxibelelwano namazwe angomakhelwane. Inqumla indlela eya ku-Amu Darya iya eKelif ngeJam. Umyalezo uqhutyelwa kwi-arbas. Kukho isikebhe kufuphi neKelif. Apha isiteshi se-Amu-Darya asikho. Nangona kunjalo, kule ndawo kukho ubunzulu obukhulu kunye nesantya esiphezulu samanje. Isigijimi sasiqhutyelwa yinqanawa eShir-Oba naseCushanka-Guzar. Ezi ndlela zikhokelela eKabul, eMazar-e-Sherif naseBalkh. Ukongezelela, kwakunokwenzeka ukuwela umlambo kwi-steamship of flotilla. Kwakuqukethe amabhondi amabini kunye nenani elifanayo leebhanki zensimbi. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lwakhupha ukuya kuma-10 000. Ukunxibelelana phakathi kweKherky, Chardjuy noPeter-Alexandrovsky, nangona kunjalo, kwakungenelisekile. Oku kungenxa yokuqulunqwa kwe-steamers, isiteshini esitshintshayo se-Amu Darya, ukuhamba kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nezinye izinto. Isetyenziswe ekuthuthweni naseKayuki. Ezi zikebhe ezizaliswayo zaphakamisa iifowuni ezingama-300-1000. Ehla emlanjeni ukunyakaza kwakukho kwinqwelo, kwaye phezulu - ukuhamba. Ngelo xesha bahamba ngosuku malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20. Icandelo leSamarkand, elikuloliwe weTranscaspian, laliphantse likhona kwi-Bukhara emirate, eye yachaphazela kakuhle ubudlelwane bayo bezohwebo kunye nePersia neRashiya.

Umkhosi

Umkhosi we-emirate wawuquka amajoni asisigxina kunye nama-militia. Lo mva wabizwa ngokuyimfuneko. Xa ukuvakalisa i-gazavat (imfazwe engcwele) , zonke i-Moslems ezikwazi ukuthwala iingalo zaziswa ngenkonzo. Kwinkqubo yokubeletha kwakukho iinkampani ezi-2 ze-Emir Guard kunye nama-battalions ayi-13. Kwonke kwakukho abantu abayi-14 amawaka. Kwimbambano yokulala kwakukho izibhamu ezihamba ngeenkomo kunye neengqayi ze-bayonet. Ukongezelela, kwakukho izixhobo ezininzi ezinamacwecwe kunye nezixhobo. Kwamahhishini kwakukho imirhumo engama-20 ye-Halabatra kunye ne-regiments ye-Khasabardars ayi-8. Baye baxhoba i-Falconet enye yeebini kwaye benza njengezixhobo eziphambili. Babalwa malunga nama-14 abantu abantu. Kwakukho iingqungquthela ezingama-20 ezenziwe ngamatye e-artillery. Emva kokufika kwamandla aseSoviet eBukhara, kwakukho i-powder kunye ne-cannon Foundry. Amajoni athola imali ngemali, enye inceba, ngesimo somlinganiselo othile wengqolowa.

Inyaniso

Abemi beBukhara khanate baba ngabaxhamli beendawo ezinokuhlala kwiindawo ze-Omsk zanamhlanje. Ekugqibeleni, babala ngobuninzi babemi beli ndawo. Ngokomzekelo, inzala ka-sheikhs, abashumayeli bamaSilamsi abavela kwi-Asia ephakathi kweSiberia, basungula uKazatovo.