Taiping Imvukelo e China iminyaka 1850-1864

Taiping Imvukelo e China (1850-1864 gg.) - enye iziganeko ebalulekileyo kwimbali yeli lizwe. Ezikhokelele ekuqaleni yiMfazwe Abalimi ' nendlela esi siganeko ngayo ukuphuhliswa ngakumbi karhulumente? Funda ngako ku.

IChina olwandulela kwimvukelo

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, China singene kwixesha lentlekele nzulu, leyo kwafikela zonke iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. obubonakala yakhe yezopolitiko baqala ukwandisa antimanchzhurskih luvo (ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ngaba ngamandla Qing Dynasty, elikhokelwa ubukhosi Manchurian) kunye nokuvela ukuhlaselwa ngabavukeli. Le ntlekele yaba esiyintloko okubangele "lokuvalwa 'eli lizwe ukuba urhwebo kunye abarhwebi British namaNdiya. China i-self-wedwa iye yakhokelela lokuQala umlaliso War neBritani. Ngenxa yezenzo ngxwaba amazwe aseYurophu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo 'lokuvala "iye yagqitywa. China waqala ukuba ibe semi-koloni.

Ekubulaleni kwi First umlaliso War kunye abazali ngakumbi esebenzayo kuqoqosho lweli lizwe of capital langaphandle le aye ayenza yahexa iwonga le ubukhosi elilawulayo. Ke kaloku ngeli xesha eTshayina, brand new ideology iphikisanayo, egqalwa uyise Hun Syutsyuan.

Le ngcinga i Taiping

Hun Syutsyuan - le ideologist ephambili intshukumo Taiping. Wazalwa ngo-1813 kufuphi Guangzhou. Uyise igosa baphela Chinese. Inkokeli elizayo yemvukelo Taiping ngokuphindaphindiweyo wazama ukuba baphumelele iimviwo ekhethekileyo ukuzalisa ofisi zikarhulumente. Noko ke, yonke imizamo yakhe aziphumelelanga. Kwaba ngexesha izifundo zakhe e Guangzhou, wayedibana iingcamango zobuKristu ngenkuthalo ukungena kwelo lizwe nemisebenzi lamaphulo yaseYurophu. Hun Syutsyuan waqalisa ukufunda unqulo angaqhelekanga. Sele 1843 wadala eminhlanganweni ya Vukreste ebizwa ngokuba "Society of uyise wasezulwini."

Cinga ingcamango esisiseko iimfundiso Hong Xiuquan.

1. Kuye ngokusekelwe ingcinga kaBathathu Emnye oyiNgcwele. Ngelo xesha Hun Syutsyuan ngokwakhe ifakiwe kumafa lwalo umninawa ka-Yesu Kristu. Kulo mba, zonke izenzo ithathwa njenge "ikamva kaThixo."
2. Hong Xiuquan kwakhona wabhenela ingcamango lamaKristu 'ubukumkani bukaThixo. " Oku kwakuhambisana ingcamango yamandulo Chinese le "uluntu nje." Kulo mba, Taiping kwindawo yokuqala ingcamango ukulingana yabafundi.
3. Eyona uphawu Taiping ideology alo antimanchuzhrskaya bokuqhelaniswa nezifundo. Xa iintshumayelo zakhe, wathi ubukhosi Qing ukuba ibhukuqwe. Ukongeza, i-Taiping wabiza lokuphelisa wenyama naseManchuria.
4. Abalandeli Hong Xiuquan abaphikisa ubuConfucius kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezizezinye, kodwa enye ixesha lathathwa kubo ezinye iingcamango (umzekelo, ingcamango "ukuhlonela filial").
5. Eyona njongo yalo mbutho - indalo Taiping Tiangui (Ezulwini chaza enkulu ntle).

Ukuqala kwako kunye periodization

Ngehlobo lowe-1850 waqala Tszintyanskoe qhankqalazo. Taiping ingqalelo imeko kweli lizwe evumayo ukuba amanyathelo evulekileyo ngokuchasene norhulumente, leyo ikhokelwe Qing Dynasty. amawaka 10. Uvukelwa buzinze kummandla kwilali Tszintyan kumazantsi kwiphondo Guangxi.

January 11, 1850 kwathiwa ngokusesikweni ekuqaleni qhankqalazo.

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala umzabalazo Taiping ijolise ikakhulu ukuba akhulule China. Qing (kubalawuli abalawula apha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-100) wabhengezwa utshaba kwaye kufuneka ibhukuqwe.

Ngokubanzi, abaphandi bayavuma ukuba Taiping Imvukelo China emkhondweni zalo zophuhliso 4 eziphambili:

ISigaba 1 ivale biennium 1850-1853. Eli xesha impumelelo okhanyayo umkhosi Taiping. NgoSeptemba 1851 yena wasithimba isixeko Yunan. Kulapha ukuba iziseko bathiwa le Taiping State.

Isigaba 2 - 1853-1856. Ukuqala ixesha entsha yomzabalazo uphawula ngokuthinjwa ngabavukeli yesixeko Nanjing. Kweli nqanaba, Taiping wathumela umkhosi kuzo ukwandiswa karhulumente.

3 ngexesha leMfazwe yamahlwempu China ngangosuku ngo1856 ukuya 1860. Ngexesha ngayo ehambelana yesiBini umlaliso War.

Isigaba 4 ligubungela iminyaka 1860-1864. Yena yabalasela ngoncedo open yomkhosi kwamagunya Koloni ngo-China kunye Hong Xiuquan ukuzibulala.

Isigaba sokuqala yemfazwe

Ngowe-1851, Taiping wafudukela emantla Guangxi. Apha anazo isixeko Yunan, apho wamisa urhulumente wakhe.

Xa intloko karhulumente omtsha yaba Yan Syutsin. Wafumana umsebenzi phezulu "East Abathetheli" (njengoko wafumana itayitile "ingundaba kaThixo") kunye buzinze ezandleni zabo ulawulo kunye neenkokheli yomkhosi. Ukongeza, intloko karhulumente bekusekho Taiping 3 Prince (West - Xiao Chaoguy, Northern - Wei Chanhuey noMzantsi - Feng Yunshan) kunye nabancedisi Shi Duck.

NgoDisemba 1852, umkhosi Taiping safudukela emazantsi iteksti River, ukuya kwimpuma lizwe. NgoJanuwari 1853 bakwazi ukuthatha ummandla abaluleke - Tri Wuhan, eziquka izixeko ezifana Wuchang, Hanyang kunye Hankou. Iimpumelelo zomkhosi umkhosi Taiping zafaka ukuthandwa iingcamango Hong Xiuquan phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni, ngoko ezintlwini abavukeli rhoqo kwakhona. Ngo-1853, inani abavukeli liye ngaphaya 500 lamawaka. Man.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe i Tricity Wuhan umkhosi ngabavukeli bafudukela kweli phondo Anhui, wathatha imizi yayo ibalulekileyo.

Ngo March 1853 Taiping ahlasela ezinkulu izixeko Chinese ka Nanjing, ngoko saba likomkhulu imeko. Esi siganeko kwaphawula ukuphela yokuqala isigaba sesibini imfazwe umlimi.

Umbutho of the State Taiping

War yamahlwempu China yaqala ngo-1850, yaye kunyaka kamva kumazantsi eli lizwe wadalwa Taiping State. Cinga imigaqo esisiseko zentlangano yayo ngokweenkcukacha.

• Ukususela ngo-1853 yi inhloko ke isixeko Nanjing.
• Kwisixhobo Taiping Tiangui waba neNgonyama.
• Ngokutsho umlinganiswa - imo yobuthixo (abavukeli zanyanzelisa kokudityaniswa ngokupheleleyo amaziko icawa kunye norhulumente).
• Ubuninzi sabo abalimi. iimfuno zabo zidla zenziwa ngurhulumente.
• Intloko ngama karhulumente ukholelwa Hun Syutsyuan, kodwa phantse onke amandla waba ezandleni "Inkosana East" yaye "umshumayeli kaThixo" Yan Syutsina.

uxwebhu ebalulekileyo osihloko sithi "System Ilizwe Dynasty oseZulwini" yapapashwa ngowe-1853. Enyanisweni, waba uMgaqo-siseko Taiping elalisandul 'ukusekwa karhulumente. Lo mthetho uthi hayi isakhelo-nkqubo wezolimo kuphela, kodwa imigaqo esisiseko lwesakhiwo lolawulo lizwe.

"Land System of the Dynasty oseZulwini" zaziquka intlangano lamabutho uluntu solusapho. Ngoko ke, zonke iintsapho yamahlwempu 25 kwakusaziwa uluntu eyahlukileyo. kukho umntu unyanzelekile ukuba enze inkonzo yomkhosi kwintsapho nganye.

Ukususela lasehlotyeni lika-1850 e-Taiping bume iseke inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba "nasemagumbini engcwele." Kwezi, abo bavukeli neentsapho zabo bafumana ukutya, imali kunye nempahla. "Yokugcina Ezingcwele 'zazaliswa njani na amaxhoba emfazwe. Kwangaxeshanye, nobunini babucala yavalwa kwi Taiping State.

Entsha siseko Taiping karhulumente, enyanisweni, ngephupha abalimi malunga nokulingana kunye nokupheliswa zorhwebo komhlaba enkulu mhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, olu xwebhu abhalwe ngolwimi i "ncwadi" bengazi abantu abaninzi. Yiyo loo nto i-siseko iye ingabi isiseko abakhokeli nkqubo yokwenene yemvukelo Taiping.

Isigaba sesibini yemfazwe

Taiping kuvukela yande amandla amatsha ukusukela ngo-1853. Isiqalo sesigaba esitsha zemfazwe ephawulwe lokufakwa abavukeli esi sixeko sikhulu Chinese of Nanjing. Ngeli xesha, Taiping walwa nzima ukuze sandise imida karhulumente asandul 'ukusekwa.

NgoMeyi 1853 kuye kwagqitywa ekubeni uqalise emNtla hambo. Eyona njongo yayo yaba ngokuthinjwa Beijing - ikomkhulu China. I-Northern uhambo wathunyelwa imikhosi emibini. NgoJuni, ukuba ibambe capture ayiphumelelanga Huaytsiya. Eminye amajoni wafudukela kwiphondo Shanxi, uze emva koko - Zhili.

Ngo-Oktobha, umkhosi Taiping weza Tianjin (enkampini lokugqibela endleleni eya eBeijing). Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha majoni kakubi buthathaka. Ukongeza, kwafika ubusika. Taiping engazivumeli kuphela kukugodola, kodwa yokunqongophala kwezibonelelo. Taiping umkhosi ezilahlekileyo amajoni amaninzi. Oku kwakhokelela ngokoyiswa nabavukeli e-Northern kwiphulo. NgoFebruwari 1854 amajoni bayishiya kwiphondo Tianjin.

Eneneni, zombini eMntla kunye West yaqalisa iphulo yomkhosi Taiping. amabutho abavukeli ikhokelwa ngu-Shi Duck. Injongo yeli phulo yaba ukwandisa kwemida Taiping karhulumente ngasentshonalanga Nanjing kunye nokuhlutha imimandla emitsha kwi efikelela embindini i iteksti River. NgoJuni, abavukeli likwazile aphinde ezilahlekileyo phambi kwisixeko Anqing, yaye kamva - kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. Winter 1855 Shi Dakaya umkhosi kwakhona waphumelela isixeko Tricity Wuhan.

Ngokubanzi, indlela Koloni iye yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu Taiping. Imida urhulumente eyandisiweyo kakhulu ukuya ngasentshonalanga komzi kwekomkhulu Nanjing.

Intlekele eyehlele i-i Taiping State

Nangona inani amaphulo ngempumelelo emkhosini, ngowe-1855, i-ezaqala kwilizwe elalisandul 'ukusekwa, egubungela yonke imiba yoluntu. Taiping Imvukelo yokugubungela indawo ebanzi ndidibana nenkxaso enkulu ethandwayo. Noko ke, iinkokeli zayo baye basilela ukuphumeza uninzi izicwangciso zayo, urhulumente waye siseko, enkabeni yalo, a nephupha.

Ngeli xesha, inani abathetheli landa kakhulu. Ngowe ngo1856, ukuba sele iphelile 4 ngaphezulu kwama-200 Ukongeza, iinkokeli Taiping waqalisa ukuba kude abalimi ezilula. Phakathi kwemfazwe ukulingana kunye ookhansila jikelele, bekungekho namnye ubethetha ngaye.

Crisis hit kanye kanye le nkqubo karhulumente. Enyanisweni, i-Taiping wabatshabalalisa kwenkqubo endala karhulumente kwaye Buyisela ayiphumelelanga ukuba alungiselele inkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngeli xesha kubaxa umahluko phakathi kwabalawuli. Le apogee yoku yaba ubhedu. Ngobusuku ngoSeptemba 2, 1860 Yan Syutsin nentsapho yakhe babulawa. Yena bahlasela izwe nokulatyuza orhwaqelisayo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kuphela abaxhasi Yan Syutsina kunye nezinye Vanir (Shi Dakaya). A lika Septemba 2, 1860 waba unyaka wenguquko kwimbali yiMfazwe Abalimi 'kwaye aphawula ekuqaleni kwesigaba wesithathu.

Umlaliso War Second

Ukuqala kwisigaba sesithathu kumzabalazo ochasene Taiping Manchurian ubukhosi kwaphawula yeSibini umlaliso War. Taiping Imvukelo ngeli xesha ilahlekelwe ngamandla ayo, kwaza kwanyanzeleka urhulumente omtsha ukuhlala kweemeko yimpi lwamazwe aseNtshona.

Isizathu sokuba kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe ukubanjwa yaseBritani "Arrow" isitya e China.

Ngowe-1857, imikhosi Anglo-French odityanisiweyo ahlala Guangzhou. Emva konyaka, zarhwebisana Tianjin - ingongoma ngobuchule ebalulekileyo, nto leyo ukwakweli ngaphandle Beijing.

Tianjin uxolo sivumelwano esayinwe 1858. Qing Dynasty Kwanyanzeleka ukuba thela. Nangona kunjalo, phambi kokuba kuvunywe sivumelwano uxolo * uKhesare of China ubhengeze ukuba uqhube imfazwe.

Ngo-Agasti 1860 imikhosi Anglo-French reoccupied Tianjin. Kwidabi senzeka ngoSeptemba 21 kwi Baliqiao kwebhulorho (kwisithili Tongzhou). Umkhosi Chinese woyiswa. Ngo-Oktobha 1860, kwafika amajoni Anglo-French yahlangana eBeijing. Urhulumente Chinese kwanyanzeleka ukuba baqale thethwano.

Beijing Convention sasayinwa ngomhla wama-25 Oktobha 1860. Ezi ziphumo ziphambili kwaba amalungiselelo zilandelayo:

1. IBrithani France wafumana ilungelo elikhethekileyo ukuseka nonozakuzaku zabo eBeijing.
2. China kwavulwa kurhwebo lwangaphandle kumazibuko 5 ezintsha.
3. Oonyana bolunye uhlanga (abarhwebi nezifundiswa) banikwa ilungelo ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe.
4. Tianjin wabhengezwa isixeko evulekileyo.

Isigaba sesine kunye nokuzaliswa kwimvukelo

Taiping Imvukelo 1860-1864 gg. Kuye okunamandla kangaka. Ukongeza, urhulumente omtsha kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye kwimfazwe esebenzayo nezokhuselo. Ixesha yesine kweMfazwe yamahlwempu China luphawulwa nokutshintshwa US, iBritani neFransi ukuvula njengamanyathelo ayo kweli lizwe.

Ekuqaleni nenani-60. Nangona buthathaka bomkhosi, Taiping wakwazi ukwenza inani zoloyiso ezinkulu. Imikhosi ephantsi kobunkokheli Lee Syuchena waya kumaPhondo Maritime. Apha ke bakwazi ukuphumelela kumazibuko ezinkulu - Huangzhou sixeko kunye namanye amaziko Zhejiang kunye Jiangsu. Ukongeza, i-Taiping wenza amaphulo amabini ukuya Shanghai. Noko ke, wasithimba isixeko abangazange baphumelele.

Ngowe-1861 yena lasungula imikhosi counter-revolution ekhubekisayo.

Kwangaxeshanye, eNgilani, France kunye United States baye bafudukela ngoncedo evulekileyo nxamnye Taiping. Ngowe-1863, unxweme elingasemntla iteksti uMfula phantsi kolawulo Qing Dynasty. Taiping koko kwanyanzeleka ukuba bashiye zonke kumaPhondo Maritime.

Ngowe-1864, amaqela Manchurian Nanjing engqongwe ngenkxaso-mkhosi Koloni. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba wonakaliswe ngaphezu kwe-100 lamawaka. Taiping. Esi sixeko yaqala indlala enkulu.

Hun Syutsyuan waqonda nokuphela le meko kunye bazibulala. Emva kokufa kwakhe, wobunkokheli ukukhusela Nanking yathatyathwa uLee Syuchena. NgoJulayi 1864 imikhosi ombuso, wakubetha neendonga zesixeko wee gwiqi ikomkhulu eli Taiping Tiangui. Yenza Syuchenu kunye neqela elincinane yakwazi ukuhamba Nanjing. Noko ke, emva kokuba yathinjwa waza wabulawa.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1864 iMfazwe Taiping yafikelela esiphelweni. babatshababalisa imikhosi yazo engundoqo, ebaphethe iinkokheli qhankqalazo. Kucebisa yokugqibela yokumelana amajoni ombuso usityumze ngo 1868.

Iziphumo kunye neziphumo War the Abalimi '

Kuba Qing Dynasty Taiping Imvukelo yaba wothuka kakhulu. Kuye uphazamisa iziseko inkqubo feudal kunye noqoqosho. imizi Ukutshatyalaliswa namazibuko ezinkulu, le mvukelo kwakhokelela omkhulu ekutshatyalalisweni labantu Chinese.

Taiping Tiangui waba eksperimenti zasekuhlaleni, apho inginginya yamahlwempu inxaxheba.

War yamahlwempu naye nempembelelo ebalulekileyo imeko Qing Dynasty. indawo yawo lizwe kugungqiswa olahlekelwe inkxaso yabemi. Ukucinezela uqhankqalazo ubunzima nabaphetheyo sigqibo kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafune uncedo kubanini amakhulu. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ekomelezeni indawo bamazwe. Ngenxa yoko, uhlanga Han (IsiTshayina) ziye ngakumbi nangakumbi inxaxheba ekulawuleni ilizwe, kwaye inani Manchur sehla izixhobo karhulumente. In imi--60. e China kukho ekomelezeni amaqela engingqi. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni buthathaka indawo ngurhulumente kazwelonke.

Ukongeza, phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX kwimbali China yabalasela amanye yokuvukela ezinkulu.

Ngaphezu kweminyaka 18 imfazwe eyathatha Miao kummandla Guizhou. Ngo-1862 kwaqala i mvukelo enkulu abantu Dungan, owatshabalalisa kwiphondo Shaanxi kunye Gansu. Ngowe-1855, kummandla Yunnan zemfazwe anti-urhulumente kwavuka. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kulo wathabatha Hui abathi Islam. Zonke ezi eziqhubekayo ziye zaba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo dalyneshee kuphuhliso China kunye nobudlelwane balo kunye namazwe Western.