Ukuveliswa kweebhotile eziziwayo: iteknoloji kunye nezixhobo

Ukuveliswa kweebhotile eziziwayo kungatshintshi iminyaka emininzi iminyaka. Impahla eluhlaza iboya yendalo, ebudeni benkqubo yokuvelisa iyancipha kakhulu, kubangele izicathulo zasebusika ezingcono kakhulu zokubanda kwamaqabunga nezomileyo.

Ziziphi iibhothi ezivakalelwa

Valenki - uhlobo lwezambatho zasebusika, ezenziwe ngokugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo uboya bemvelo. Kwiindawo ezinqabileyo ezininzi zigcina ubushushu kwaye zilondoloze imilenze yazo kwiqabunga, kunye nomzimba wonke - ukusuka kwi-hypothermia nakwiimeko ezikude kweMntla. Izinto eziphathekayo ezizicathulo ziboya bezimvu, ezigqityiweyo (zilungiswe). I-teknoloji yokucubungula i-wool ihamba kwinqanaba le-steaming kanye ne-shrinkage kwinto enomthwalo, apho umveliso ubumba khona. Igama leembadada, eliqhelekileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo, lavela kwigama lokuvelisa imveliso.

Iibhotshi ziveliswa kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Iimodeli ze-Classic zenziwa kwiboya eboyiweyo eqinekileyo enebhokisi lokuphakama okuphakathi. Bahlala bekhululekile, belula, bomelele. Zithwele ngexesha lebanda ebomini. Ngethuba lekwindla okanye kwiibhola zebhola ebhotile zifakwa kwiibhothi eziziwayo. Uboya bemvelo ngokukhawuleza wanyatheliswa, ngoko ke iinqwelwe zenyawo zazivame ukunyanyiswa ngesikhumba. Esi sixeko, amabhuthi awazange afumaneke kakhulu, kodwa kumaphondo ayenayo.

Kuze kube kutshanje, izihlangu eziqhelekileyo zazingenomdla kwiqela elikhulu labantu, babembethe i-valenok kuphela kubantwana abancinci. Ngoku kwaqala ukubuyela kwefashini kwimpahla yendalo kunye nemisebenzi yendalo, enxulumene namathuba amatsha, iziphumo zokuyila.

Imbali yeebhuthi

Kwakukho amaxesha apho i-valenki ibonwa njengophawu lokuchuma kunye nokuchuma okukhulu, kwaye abathengisi beembadada babehlawuliswa kakhulu. Imveliso yeebhotile eziziwayo yayiyimfihlelo kubantu abaninzi, kwaye abaphathi beeboya babegcina imfihlelo yabo imfihlelo, bekhetha ukutshintshela kuphela kumalungu entsapho. Kucingwa ukuba iprototype yeebhuthi yayiyi-Pimas, izicathulo ze-nomad.

Kukholelwa ukuba izicathulo zaza zavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kwidolophu yaseMyshkin, kwiphondo laseYaroslavl. Imfashini yeebhotile enkundleni yamisa uPetros I, wababeka emva kokuhlamba okanye ukugqoka ebusika. U-Tsarina Catherine Omkhulu ngoncedo lweebhotile eziphethe isifo somlenze, kwaye uElizabethe ngomyalelo wakhe wavumela ukugqithwa kwesi sihlangu kumadodakazi enkundla agcwele iingubo ezintle. Iimpawu ezinzima zaseRashiya zazinjalo, ezinye zazo zazingcangcazela nguPeter I, ezahluke ngobubanzi beembono kunye nokusebenza kwakhe, phantsi kolawulo lwakhe lweebhodi zazifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu.

Ukuveliswa kwezicathulo ezinqabileyo kwizinga loshishino laqala ngekhulu le-19. Iifoto zezibhotshi zaziyiLenin, uStalin, uKrushchev. Kwiminyaka yeemfazwe ibhotile zifakwe kwi-iifom yasebusika iifom ye-soldier kunye namagosa aphezulu. Namhlanje, izixhobo ezinyanzelisayo kunye nezihlangu zendabuko zihlala zichaphazelekayo kwiiyunithi ezizodwa zoMnyango weeMeko eziPhezulu kunye noMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaphakathi.

Imveliso yeebhuthi namhlanje ifumana ukuvuselelwa, ziba izinto ezizithandayo zokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi kunye neengcamango kubayili bemveliso, ekubaluleke kakhulu kumthengi. Ukuhlotshiswe ngeempahla ezinobungcali, iirebhoni, ubomvu obusondelene neentlobo, njengamaxesha amandulo, zenza iimeko ezilungeleyo kumnini wayo, ukufezekisa injongo ephambili - ukugcina ubushushu kwiqanda.

Iintlobo zeboya

Ukuvelisa izibhatshi ezilungileyo kwiRashiya, iilesi yeegusha yayisetyenziswa rhoqo, kodwa iibhokhwe, inja, umvundla nazo zazisetyenziswa. Iigusha zeezimvu zazixabiswa ngenxa yeempawu eziphezulu ze-noskoy kunye neyeza. Uboya beboyiweyo, bahlanganiswe (baqhotyoshelweyo) kwaye bavelisa izinto ezinokuthi zingubo. Ukuqhutyelwa phambili kokubumba kwakwenziwa ngesandla.

Umbala wokugqibela weemveliso wawuxhomekeke kwizinto ezibonakalayo, umhlophe wayebhekwa njengowona ungcono kakhulu, uboya bezimvu ezixutywe kakuhle zaseMongolia, izibopho ezimpunga zazifakwe kwiboya yezimvu ezivela kwi-Asia Ephakathi okanye eCaucasus. Ngamanye amaxesha izicathulo zenziwe kwiboya yekamela, ephezulu ekungabikho ngaphantsi kwezifaniso, kodwa ivakale iibhothi ezenziwe ngayo zihamba kakuhle kwaye zingabi lula.

Iintlobo zeebhotile eziziwayo

Iimodeli zanamhlanje zenziwe kwimivundla, imvu, ibhokhwe yebhokhwe, kukho imveliso eyenziwe nge-mohair kwaye ivakalelwa. I-Valenki iyahlula zibe ziindidi ezininzi, kuxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kunye nemifanekiso:

• Iibhotshi ezincinci ezenziwe ngee-100% zoboya, ezenziwe yindlela yokugada impahla.
• Iingubo ezikuphela.
• Iibhotshi ze-Classic kunye ne-sole rubber.
• Iibhotile ezivuthayo ngobomvu. Ezi ndlela zenziwe zenziwe zincinci, zikhutshwe ngeendlela ezininzi zokubetha, ngaphakathi zingeniswe ngophawu lwe-flannel. Ikhutshana lesibhulophu. Olu khetho lwanamhlanje, oluya kwintetho yabemi basezidolophini, unxiba nayiphi na imozulu.

Inkqubo yezobuchwepheshe

Esinye sezicathulo ezingcono kakhulu kubusika kubonakala zizibhotshi. Ukuveliswa (iRashiya) kusekelwe kwimimiselo yamandulo engatshintshi ukususela ngekhulu le-19. Ubugcisa bubukeka kanje:

• Uboya obufunyenwe kwiingqungquthela buqwengqelwe kwiimfinci ezincinci kwaye zome, ngenxa yale njongo zithunyelwa kumatshini wokukhawulwa kwamakhadi. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo azihlambulukanga, ezibalulekileyo ukuthobela iteknoloji.
• Izinto ezimbiweyo ezicokisekileyo zithunyelwa ukucubungula kumshini weboya, apho impahla ifumana isakhiwo esifanayo. Emva koko, iimveliso zibukhulu. Kule nqanaba, iibhothi eziziwayo ziphindwe ezine zikhulu kunokuba zimele zibe zikhulu.
• Izicatshulwa zithunyelwe kwi-roller, apho zithotyelwa kwi-steam kunye ne-mechanical shrinkage, kwaye zityiliswa ngamanzi ashushu. Kule nqanaba, ukuxubusha kwenzeka, uboya behla ukuya kwi-80% yomsebenzi wokuqala. Emva koko ugqoke isicathulo, welula kwaye unike isimo sokugqibela, emva koko somile.
• Izicathulo ezomileyo zicatshulwa ngokugqitywa kweebhola ukuze zinike ubungqina obuninzi.
• Kwivenkile yokugqiba, kwiimodeli zakudala, inxalenye ephezulu ye-shaft iyanqunyulwa ukufumana umda. Kodwa i-modernity yenze iinguqu zayo, kwaye ngoku iibhotshi ziboshwe ngemicu, ubuhlalu, ubunzima. Ukuhlobisa rhoqo kwakusetyenziswa ubugcisa bokudweba ngobugcisa, ukunyuswa koboya bemvelo kunye nezinye iziphumo zokuyila.

Izixhobo

Namhlanje, abaninzi baye bavula iinkampani ezincinci, apho zenziwe khona iibhothi. Ukuveliswa (iRashiya) yahlula i-industrial and artisanal. Izixhobo zokulungiselela i-workshop encinci kunye neyona mfuneko iyimfuneko efanayo, umahluko ngokwasemgangathweni kunye nemveliso. Ziziphi izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuveliswa kweebhotile eziziwayo?

• Umshini wekharityhulam okanye wekhaya.
• Vibropress ngesondlo se-steam.
• Umshini wokuhlamba.
• Ukucoca Igumbi.
• Izixhobo ezongeziweyo xa umzekelo wesilinganiselo uya kuthiwa nje kuphela ngeklasikhi (i-press-semi-automatic for rubber vulcanization, machine machine ).
• Ukulungelelaniswa: iipads, ibhondi, njl.

Imveliso kunye nemveliso yezandla

Imveliso yeziveliso zeebhuthi ingavelisa iiplanga ezingama-60 ngezihlangu ngeentsuku, i-handicraft version-ukuya kuma-2-3 amabini. Nasiphi na isityalo sokuveliswa kweebhotile asivelisi nje izicathulo kuphela, kodwa iimveliso ezinxulumene nazo: iingubo, imilenze, i-slippers, i-rugs nokunye okuninzi.

Namhlanje, iimveliso ezenziwe ngezandla zithandwa, kubandakanywa nezibhothi. Ngabanikazi abanolwazi, banomdla, benomhla wolomhla wolwazi. Kodwa akukho mzamo wezandla ayikwazi ukufaka intambo eluhlaza kwiimeko ezifunwa kwii-GOST. Imveliso yokuvelisa iibhothi eziziwayo iya kuhlala ihambisa iimpahla zayo kunye nesatifikethi sokuhambelana kunye neengcebiso ezifanelekileyo zokunyamekela idilesi ezithengiweyo.

Izitshixo zokuvelisa izicathulo zeFur

Kwiintsuku ezindala zokudonga ezibandakanyekayo kwi-volosts, umsebenzi wawunebunzima, kodwa wazisa imali engenayo kwiingcali. Ngoku e-Russia, izicathulo ezinjalo zenziwe ngendlela yoshishino. Iimveliso zokuveliswa kwezibhotshi zifumaneka kwimimandla emininzi, kukho malunga neyeshumi elinesihlanu kubo, iinkokheli ezihlanu zilandelayo:

• Umdlali mkhulu kule marike yimveliso yaseYaroslavl ekhutshwe ngeenqanawa, evelisa ama-pair of shoes e-600,000 ngonyaka.
• Enye yeevenkile ezindala, i-Kukmorsky factory-felt feelings, ayiyi kulahlekelwa izikhundla zayo, isiqhamo sesibhobho sonyaka sifikelela kumawaka angama-900 eebini.
• Inkampani "Elvi-Plus", umthamo wemveliso - iilidi ezingama-300 zeebhotile zonyaka.
• I-Omsk idibanisa izicathulo eziqhekezayo ivelisa ii-170 zamawaka amabini ngonyaka.

Amanye amashishini akhiqiza umthamo omncinci weebhoti eziziwayo, ukususela kuma-45 ukuya kuma-150 amabini amabini ngonyaka. UValenki waseRussia wenza iimveliso eziphumelelayo kwiimfestile zangaphandle, ezibizwa ngokuba zizibhobho ze-ugg. Umthengi ngamnye unamathandayo, ukhetho kunye nenani lexabiso lokukhetha le nto okanye loo mveliso. Kodwa ngokuphathelele i-valenok, xa kuthelekiswa nabalingani basemzini, kwiintlobo ezininzi le nkqubo yaseRashiya yasendulo ibonisa iimpawu ezifanelekileyo kwiindawo zethu zokuhamba.

Ukuveliswa kweebhoti ezivelele eMoscow kusekwa kwi-"Bitsevskaya factory", eye yenze izicathulo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-150. I-chain chain yeentengiso isasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye amaMuscovites angayithenga idibanisa yabo endiyithandayo ngaphandle kokushiya i-capital, kwi-6 iStroiteley Street, isakhiwo se-4 (iMetro Universitet).

Unokukhetha njani iibhothi

Iipini ezimbini eziphumelelayo ziza kuhlala iminyaka emininzi kwaye ziza kumnceda umnini kwiindawo ezinqabileyo kakhulu. Ukukhethwa kweengubo ezivela kuboya obugqityiweyo kwenziwa ngokulandela imigaqo elandelayo:

• Eyona nto ibona iibhothi zingama-100%. Izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zibe zininzi kwaye zihambelane ngokubunjwa. Ukuba ukhangele i-patty bald, i-thickenings, i-lumps, ke izihlangu ziza kupheka ngokukhawuleza.
• UValenki akahlulelwanga ngakwesobunxele nakwesobunxele, avelise enye. Ubume beembadada zifumana ngexesha leesokisi. Xa uthenga ibini, qiniseka ukuba zombini iibhothi zifana nomlo, ubude bezandla, ubude obungaphakathi nangaphandle beenyawo, ubukhulu be-shaft.
• Ivumba. Iphunga elilodwa kuphela elingaba ne-valenka livumba leboya elidayiweyo, liza kukhawuleza. Ukuba kukho iphunga leboya elimanzi, oku kuthetha ukuphulwa kwenkqubo, ngenye indlela umkhiqizo awuhlambulukanga okanye womekile, akunakwenzeka ukuwususa.
• Kwizinto ezibonakalayo zibhothwayo, i-sole kunye nesithende zenziwa ngokuqina okubonakalayo, kuba kule ndawo izicathulo ziyacinywa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zilahlekelwe ukuma kwayo. Ukuchonga - kunele ukuziva.
• Elasticity. Izikhwele ezenziwe ngeboya akufanele zincinci (zenze iingubo) okanye zikhulu kakhulu. Ukuyiqonda le mgangatho, kwanele ukugoba i-bootleg ngokukodwa, phantsi kwezandla zoboya bekhwalithi ziya kuhluma kwaye zikhawuleze.
• Ubukhulu. I-Valenki inokunyathelisa ububanzi, kwaye ubude bahleli, ngoko kufuneka uthenge isibini esingama-1-2 ubukhulu obukhulu. Ukuqaphela okufunekayo, kukho itafile yokulinganisa ubungakanani benyawo kunye neebhotile.
• Iimpawu ezininzi zendalo ezibonakala zivela kwiboya ezingenagqabiweyo, iilisi zendalo zinciphisa iimpawu zonyango lweboya bezimvu.