Ukukhutshwa kwegesi. Izindlela zokuveliswa kwegesi. Imveliso yeGesi eRashiya

Igazi yemvelo yenziwa ngenxa yokuxuba iinqwelo ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubunzulu beentlobo ziyahluka ukusuka kumitha embalwa ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-gas iyakwenza kumaqondo aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Ngelo xesha, akukho ukufikelela kwe-oksijini kwisayithi. Okwangoku, ukukhutshwa kwegesi kuyafumaneka ngeendlela ezininzi, ngasinye esiza kuxoxa ngazo kweli nqaku. Kodwa masithethe ngezinto zonke.

Ulwazi jikelele

Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba igesi yendalo i malunga ne-98% yemethane. Ukongeza, ingaquka u-ethane, i-propane, i-butane, njl. Kukho igama elithi "igesi engavumelekanga". Ichaza igesi yendalo, ekhankanywe kakhulu kwiidonga zobumba. Ilala ngaphantsi komhlaba kwiindawo zelahle, ama-sandstone kunye nezinye i-geozones, phantsi kwengcinezelo ephezulu kakhulu. Kuza kube yimhla, isabelo segesi engeyona yendabuko ingaphantsi kwesigamu, kwaye ngo-2030 kucetywayo ukunyusa eli nani ukuya kuma-56%. Okwangoku, phantse onke amazwe ekuveliseni i-gesi aqhuba izigodo. Kodwa ininzi yabo, malunga ne-40%, ivela kwi-United States. Emva koko, eli lizwe lithengisa inani elikhulu legesi ngonyaka. Makhe sithethe ngeenkcukacha ngokubanzi kwesi sihloko kwaye siqonde imiba enomdla kuthi.

Ukukhutshwa kwegesi ehlabathini

Kwiminyaka emininzi yeminyaka, abantu baye bazama ukuphucula iindlela zokumbiwa kwezimayini, ngokusemthethweni ziqhelekileyo. Iimfuno zoluntu zikhula imihla ngemihla, kwaye kukho imfuneko yobuchwepheshe obutsha bokuzimela. Okwangoku , izibonelelo zendalo ezifana negesi yendalo zitshitshiswa kuwo wonke umhlaba kwiindawo zeoli kunye negesi kunye nazo zifumaneka kwindawo echithwe kwioli okanye ngamanzi. Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo ngeRashiya, kwelizwe lethu likhishwe kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba igesi kwindawo yayo ecocekileyo ayinayo umbala okanye ayivumba. Ukufumanisa ukuvuza kwegesi ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka, i-odorants yongezwa kuyo, enefuthe elibi kakhulu. Le ndlela inceda ukunciphisa ukufa kwabantu kubemi ngenxa yokuvuza kwegesi. Kakade ke, ukuveliswa kwegesi ehlabathini kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo, kuba nayiphi na imoto evulekileyo inokukhokelela kwinani elikhulu lamaxhoba kwindawo eyiyo.

I-gas hydrate ibeka imali

Kungekudala kudalwe ukuba igesi ingaba phantsi komhlaba. Ukuba ngaba izazinzulu zangaphambili ziyazi kuphela malunga nomhlaba wamanzi kunye nogesi, namhlanje uyaziwa malunga neentlawulo ezizimeleyo, ezibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini. Yonke imihla ininzi kwaye iyathetha malunga nokuba kwinqanaba elwandle kukho iindawo ezininzi zegesi ezitshatyalaliswayo ezikhoyo ngendlela ye-hydrates. I-Hydrate ayifumananga ngokubanzi, kodwa sele isetyenziselwa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, ngaphezu koko, kucetywayo ukusebenzisa ezo ziphofu zokugcina igesi. Enyanisweni, imimandla yemveliso yegesi inganda ngakumbi, ekubeni ikhona i-hydrates, kunokukho ezinye iifomiti zamaminerali. Ewe, ngoku siqhubeke siqwalasele into enomdla.

I gesi yendalo ibeka

Kukho idatha ebonisa ukuba kwisigubungelo se-sedimentary sokukhutshwa kwehlabathi kukho iindleko ezinkulu ezinkulu zegesi yendalo. Kukho imbono ye-biogenic ebonisa ukuba i-gas, njengamafutha ngokwawo, ibunjwe ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwezinto eziphilayo phantsi kwefuthe lokushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Ukongezelela, ulawulo lokushisa luhlala luphakame kakhulu, nje ngoxinzelelo, kunokuba lubekwe kwioli. Oku kubangelwa ukuba igesi ingezantsi kweoli. Namhlanje, iRashiya ineentlawulo ezinkulu. Ngokubanzi, iindawo zokugcina ezi zinto zendalo zinokuhlala iminyaka emininzi. Ukuveliswa kweGesi eRashiya kusekwa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iindawo. Ngokutsho kweSebe loMphathiswa Wezendalo ZaseRashiya, ixabiso elipheleleyo liqikelelwa kuma-48.8 trillion m ³ .

Izityalo zegesi zendalo ngamanzi

Okwangoku, kunokuthiwa ngokwemiqathango esemthethweni, amazwe angama-101 anemihlaba yale mineral kwimimandla yabo. Endaweni yokugqibela yi-Benin - 0, 0011 trillion m ³ , kwaye kwindawo yokuqala eRussia - 47.800 trillion m ³ . Kodwa la manani anikezelwa yi-CIA, ngoko ngokwenene idatha ingahluka kancane. Elinye ilizwe elinemithombo engapheliyo yi-Iran. Ukongezelela, amazwe asePersian Gulf, afana ne-US neKhanada, nazo ziqhayisa igesi yendalo. Ukuba uluhlu lwamazwe aseYurophu, iindawo zokuqala ziya kuba yiNorway naseNetherlands. Kwakhona kuyaphawuleka ukuba amazwe ayenjalo e-USSR, afana neKazakhstan, Azerbaijan, kunye ne-Uzbekistan, aneendawo ezininzi zegesi. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, i-hydrate hydrates yafunyanwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-20. Namhlanje kuyaziwa ukuba idiphozi zabo zikhulu kakhulu. Kwaye kukho iindawo zokugcina ezinzulwini kunye nangaphantsi kolwandle.

Iindlela zokuvelisa igesi

Okwangoku, iiphozithi zifumaneka kwindawo engama-1-3 km. Enye yeemithombo ezinzulu kakhulu zikufuphi kwisixeko saseNovy Urengoy, siya ngaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-6. Kwiibilini, kubangelwa phantsi kweengcinezelo eziphezulu. Kancinci, idlulela kwii-pores ngenxinzelelo encinci kwaye njalo ude ufike ngqo emthonjeni.

Indlela ephambili yokuvelisa ukubola kweemithombo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho imithombo emininzi kwintsimi yasendle. Kwaye bazama ukubetha ngokulinganayo ukwenzela ukuba i-reservoir ingcinezelo isondelelene ngokulinganayo kwimithombo emininzi. Ukuba loo mthombo unye kuphela, mhlawumbi mhlawumbi ukutyiliswa kwangaphambili. Kuza kubekho, akukho nakwezinye iindlela zokuveliswa kwegesi. Ngokubanzi, oku kungenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuvelisa into entsha, ngakumbi ukuba iteknoloji iba yinkimbinkimbi. Akunakwenzeka ukuba kwikamva elikufutshane into iya kutshintsha indawo yamanzi.

Ukulungiselela iGesi ukuthutha

Emva kokuba i-fossil yemvelo ingene emthonjeni ukusuka emathunzini omhlaba, kufuneka ihanjiswe kumsebenzisi. Ingaba yintlobo yeekhemikhali, isityalo se-CHP kunye namanye amanethiwekhi enkunkuma. Ukulungiswa kwezothutho kubangelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwezinto eziyimfuneko ekubunjweni kukho ezinye ukungcola ezenza kube nzima ukuqhubeka ukuzisebenzisa kwaye uhambahamba ezindleleni. Kubalulekile ukususa umphunga wamanzi onokubuthelela kwiimpahla kwaye kwenze kube nzima ukuhamba. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukususa i-hydrogen sulphide, ebangela ingozi enkulu kwizinto zokusebenza zegesi (kubangele ukubola). Izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela. Eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yinto apho isityalo sonyango sisekufuphi kwintsimi. Apha, ukumisa nokucoca kwenziwa. Kwimeko ye-content enkulu ye-hydrogen sulphide okanye i-helium, i-fossil ithunyelwa kwisityalo se-gas processing. Ngokomgaqo, ukuveliswa kwegesi eRashiya ngokuqhelekileyo kuthengiswa ngamafektri, ekubeni umgangatho wemveliso umthombo awuhlali ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ukuhamba kweGesi

Okwangoku, indlela ehamba phambili yokuthutha yipayipi. Ubungakanani bombhobho unokufikelela kuma-1.4 emitha, kwaye uxinzelelo kule nkqubo i-75 atmosferfer. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokuhamba phambili, ingcinezelo ilahlekile kwaye imveliso iyatshisa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu esilula, izitishi ze-compressor zakhiwe ngexesha elithile . Kukho, uxinzelelo lwegesi luphakanyiswa kwi-55-120 i-atm kwaye lukhuphe. Nangona kunjalo ukuba kubiza kakhulu ukwakha i-gas ephezulu, namhlanje yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokubonelela ngamaminerali endalo kwimida emide neyifutshane. Kwezinye iimeko, isithuthi sezithuthi zisetyenzisiwe, zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamatriki. I-gas igqityiweyo kwiingxowa ezikhethekileyo kwimeko ephosiweyo. Iqondo lokushisa ngexesha lokuthutha kufuneka libe li-150-160 degrees Celsius. Le ndlela inenzuzo ebalulekileyo, njengokhuseleko lwegesi ephosiweyo.

Isiphelo

Eli nqaku lihlolisise ngobugcisa iteknoloji yemveliso yegesi. Ngokomgaqo, indlela yokuthoba iyona ethandwa kakhulu. Ezinye iindlela, ukuba ziphunyeziwe, azifumananga izicelo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokubhekiselele kummandla wokusetyenziswa kwegesi, okokuqala kukuthi uphethiloli. Njengotshisi kusetshenziselwa ukufudumeza indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokufudumala kwamanzi, ukupheka, njl. Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lombane - lenye yeendlela ezincinci zokufudumeza. I-gesi isetyenzisiwe njengotshiso lwezithuthi, izityalo zamandla kunye nezindlu zokubilisa. Izityalo zeMichiza ziyisebenzisa ukuvelisa iiplastiki nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ewe, konke oko kwesi sihloko. Khumbula ukuba ukuphathwa kakubi kwegesi kungakhokelela ekufeni.