Iimeko zangaphandle ziquka uphuhliso nokungazinzi koqoqosho ... imiba yangaphandle lophuhliso loqoqosho

Uphuhliso loqoqosho bathengi ufana umgca othe ngqo, apho yonke into ihamba ngokufanayo kwaye rhoqo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uyaphi ngokusebenzisa amahla rhoqo kwaye ndinyuka ukuba Bayawacima kwinkqubo-sikhokelo ye-ezilandelayo. Uhlobo oguquguqukayo lophuhliso loqoqosho esibonakaliswa ukungalingani kwimarike unalo imvelo ngamaxesha athile.

Umjikelo kwezoqoqosho kunye wo

Ithiyori yophuhliso nokungazinzi koqoqosho kuchazwa zonke unencwadi yesifundo profile. amathuba Industrial lahlaziya ezifana izazinzulu dumeke xa Dzhozef Kitchin, Klement Zhuglyar kunye Saymon Smit Kuznets. Bamela ukuba umjikelo wezoqoqosho - utshintsho kumsebenzi ishishini kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho, ebonakala ngu ngumtshangatshangiso efana kunye nexesha lekhefu phakathi kwamazwe efanayo kokusingqongileyo.

Le Umjikelo woqoqosho yahlulwe ngezigaba ezine:

• Peak (anyukele). imveliso Power eyandisiweyo: imarike inika iimveliso ezintsha kunye neenkonzo. Employment, waphawula ukukhula yengeniso.
• Recession (ucinezelo). Production kuxhaphaka iyaphela, ngokulandelelana, wehlise ngesifo sephepha, nokuhlanganiswa utyalo-mali, GDP kunye nengeniso.
• Recession (crisis). Uqoqosho ifikelele ezantsi, kwaye okwethutyana meko.
• Imvuselelo. Production ekhulayo, ukuzisa inzuzo.

Cyclicity umnotho kwilizwe elithile kwahlukileyo evela kwinkqubo efanayo kwinqanaba kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye macroeconomy liphela.

ezibangela yangaphakathi

Iziphumo zophuhliso nokungazinzi koqoqosho wabonakalaliswa umgangatho amava. Ngapha koko, kwisigaba ngasinye entsha ikopi ezidlulileyo: uluntu ufunda kwiimpazamo nokwenza utshintsho kwisithuba elandelayo. Kakade ke, ukuba nempembelelo uphuhliso wovandlakanyo mkhulu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kweli lizwe. Yaba kwiimeko zangaphakathi enjalo kuvela uqoqosho zikarhulumente:

1. cuts production okubangelwa ukukhululwa ngokugqithiseleyo yempahla. Bamisela intswelo ephantsi ngenxa ukufumaneka ephakamileyo kunye namaxabiso aphezulu. Enyanisweni, unikezelo lidlula imfuno.
2. izinto ezintsha. Umzekelo, kunye kokufika kweekhompyutha ezivenkileni, abenzi woomatshini ziyeka ishishini okanye kwenye indawo eyinkunzi ukuya kuphuhliso kwamanye amacandelo.
3. Umgaqo wolawulo-mali. Ukukhutshwa eninzi imali kudala emali, ngexesha elifanayo ukunqongophala kobukho babo kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwemveliso kunye nokuncipha mali.

Izizathu zangaphakathi ziquka lwabantu meko, uphuhliso loluntu kwisigaba, imfundo, inkcubeko kwi State, njalo-njalo. Zonke ezi zinto ayaboniswa nawo kwi ubomi abemi abaqhelekileyo.

impembelelo yangaphandle

Kwakhona ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. iimeko zangaphandle ziquka uphuhliso nokungazinzi koqoqosho;

• isenzo Military. Ngexesha kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, uqoqosho wakhiwa kwi "wave" amatsha - ukukhululwa emthethweni kunye nezixhobo mlilo. Kutsala wezabasebenzi ezongezelelweyo kunye nezibonelelo. Xa imfazwe iphela, ukwehla kwenzeka.
• Innovation. Baya kuba negalelo elikhulu kumaxabiso, imfuno yotyalo-mali kunye nokusetyenziswa.
• Ifuthe nezinye izinto. Umzekelo, apha ungaquka nokuxhuma kumaxabiso oyile kwihlabathi.

iimeko zangaphandle kungaquka uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle, lukho ngurhulumente, kunye nonxibelelwano ongunozakuzaku karhulumente kunye nomsebenzi wakhe kwimarike yehlabathi. Iqela yezizathu zangaphakathi nokushukunyiswa evela ngaphandle kwaye yenza kube lula apho ahlala ezoqoqosho, nobona kisekiyo ngqo ezichaphazela icandelo inqanaba nomgangatho. Kucacile ukuba uqoqosho nokungazinzi koqoqosho, "unyusana" kule nkqubo entsonkothileyo kwaye uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo phezu kwakhe.

Uqoqosho and War

uqhushululu kwezopolitiko, neengxabano phakathi okanye ahlasele kwelinye ilizwe kwi emdeni amagunya - konke oku kuye kubangele ukuba ngabantu, abantu kunye nelahleko nezoqoqosho. ungquzulwano ubengaphule omnye efama iminyaka emininzi, kodwa eyona inkulu-isikali nezonakalisayo kwaba ngekhulu XX. iimfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini kunye enye imfazwe yamakhaya yanyikima karhulumente ngaphezu kwesinye: Abantu abaninzi babulawa, ukuhlasela baza babulawa mveliso. Abemi ukulamba ukunqongophala kweendawo zokuhlala, ekubeni onke amandla waphoswa ukuveliswa imijukujelwa, amatanki nemipu machine.

Imfazwe kunye komnotho magama ezingahambelaniyo. Kwakhe kuqala ityumza atshabalalise zonke iimpumelelo yesibini. Nakule yehlabathi akukho umzekelo, xa kukho imeko yongquzulwano ngezixhobo, ukuba ezolimo karhulumente inkxaso kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye akukho ndlela olufunekayo. Kulo mzekelo, kuba imfazwe yamakhaya ezinobungozi ngenkohlakalo ngakumbi kwaye etshabalalisayo hayi nje kuqoqosho kodwa ngenxa yabantu ngokwabo. Xa omnye umzalwana ezingalweni umzalwana lihamba, oko kukhatshwa ndlongo ingakumbi iqapheleka kunye nentiyo, nto leyo echaphazela ngqo kwinqanaba wentshabalalo, kuquka kwezoqoqosho.

Umzekelo Libya

Makhe sihlolisise indlela imfazwe ziya kuboniswa kwi ubomi Libya. impi kwelo lizwe iyaqhubeka-2011, phakathi abalandeli yinkokeli ababuleweyo Muammara Kaddafi urhulumente kunye nabaphumi-Council National. Ebudeni balo amawaka 50 abantu abaye bafa kule minyaka mine idlulileyo, iimbacu baba izihlandlo ezili-10 ngaphezulu. Amanani siqhubeka sikhula ngokukhawuleza. Uqikelelo lomonakalo kwezoqoqosho zinokwahluka apha: i-IMF uthi malunga 7.7 billion zeerandi, ezinye iinkampani zabacebisi bakruthana $ 15 billion kushishino oyile, leyo unamathupha na, waye umondli engundoqo yabantu, iye ezilahlekileyo $ 50 ezigidi ..

Ukususela yezizathu yangaphandle, uphuhliso nokungazinzi koqoqosho ngokuyintloko imfazwe, kunokwenziwa isigqibo njengoko oku njengomba nempembelelo imeko kule meko. Ngophuhliso uqhankqalazo abaninzi, amandla esitsala amashishini, ukungqubana abaxhobileyo ukuhlasela Uqoqosho ziwe emazantsi yophuhliso lwayo. Uqoqosho ndayeka: abantu baye baphelelwa ngumdla ekuveliseni, ngoku injongo yabo iphambili - ukufumana inyaniso basinde.

Indima zegolide abamnyama

iimeko zangaphandle ziquka uphuhliso nokungazinzi koqoqosho kunye babizwa ngokuba uyothuka oyile - utshintsho kumaxabiso okutya ngesiquphe. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1973, eUnited States ukuba abaniki zegolide amnyama kwimarike yehlabathi kwindawo zithintele OPEC kukhokelele ekwandeni iindleko kwezibonelelo. Esi yayisisiqalo yezona zinkulu ntlekele kwezoqoqosho kweli xesha kwempi. Kwi-US, nokuncipha kwimveliso eyathatha ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini kwaye zaba ku kangangoko-5%.

OPEC kuquka amazwe Arab: Kuwait, Qatar, Libya, eSiriya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Iraq, iYiputa, Arabia kunye Abu Dhabi. Ngelo ibhunga jikelele, bagqiba ukugawula zokubasa kumazwe exhasa nkqubo bakwaSirayeli. Kuludwe, ngaphandle America, hit Japan kunye noninzi neNtshona yeYurophu. Economy of phambili amagunya ehlabathi, ezibe kuxhomekeke igolide abamnyama, wadandatheka, kuba ixabiso umphanda wavuka $ 2-3 ukuya 15. Yayilixesha okokuqala kwimbali, xa ukulungiselela iinjongo zopolitiko wasisebenzisa isixhobo oyile.

ezintsha

Uhlobo oguquguqukayo lophuhliso loqoqosho kuboniswa xa izazinzulu ceba into entsha, ezinkulu-abasakhasayo esebenza. Oku, bathi kanye, nemiphumo emihle ukunyuka kwemveliso, iphucula umgangatho imveliso njalo njalo. Maxa wambi nosisombululo esiphezulu nje umakhwapheni phezu uqoqosho phezu kwentloko yayo. Umzekelo, i "ibhombu" yaba kukwakha kaloliwe yokuqala yehlabathi. Indlela amathuba amaninzi kuqoqosho wavula njengeyabo. Ngoku ungakwazi lokuzisa iimpahla ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka baba liwaka weekhilomitha kude. Production liye landa. Abantu baye got okuninzi kwemisebenzi: on kanye kaloliwe, kwakunye mveliso ezaqala uvulekile kakhulu kuzo zonke amagunya ehlabathi.

Njengoko ubona, ukuba oonobangela yangaphandle zophuhliso nokungazinzi koqoqosho zonke ezintsha. Ukuba kunyuka nge indlela entsha, linika ithuba lokuba ukwandisa utyalo-mali, oluninzi iimveliso ezingundoqo. Kule okuhle akuyi kuba Njengesiphumo esithe ngqo lokuvula. Kuyinto ngenxa kukho indlela ezintsha, nto leyo umjikelo wangoku ikhokela kuqoqosho kweyokuphela indawo yayo ubuninzi yophuhliso.