Fridrih Rattsel kunye nezimvo zakhe eziphambili

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, Fridrih Rattsel alawula imeko eendawo eJamani. Kuqala kwinto zonke, yena inxaxheba zenzululwazi zendalo, kwaye inzululwazi ye-Umhlaba waba unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo kunye nofundo lokuba umntu. Wafumana isidanga sobugqirha yakhe ngezilwanyana, yokuma kunye komzimba lothelekiso, waza waba anthropogeography nguyise.

Rattsel Fridrih: biography

Owazalwa ngo-1844, Ratzel Wabufunda kwiiyunivesithi eziliqela zaseJamani. Ngowe-1872 waya eItali, kunye United States Mexico ngo-1874-75, ngokulandelelana. Ndaya eMpuma Yurophu yaye besebenza neeyunivesithi eMunich Leipzig. On owayephila Darwin gqitha ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela. Ratzel ukuba asebenzise ezi ngcamango kwibutho labantu. Phambi kwakhe, isiseko yejografi yenkqubo wabeka i-Alexander von Humboldt, kwaye lommandla - Carl Ritter. Paschel kunye Richthofen wachaza nemigaqo esisiseko ukuze isifundo esithe iimpawu iplanethi yethu.

Fridrih Rattsel kuqala wathelekisa yokuphila ngezizwe kunye nabantu, yaye ngaloo ndlela aphawula ukuqala yophando yenkqubo entsimini yejografi yezentlalo noqoqosho. Yena waba nomdla izizwe, iintlanga nezizwe, kwaye emva kokuba uphando endle eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "anthropogeography", ichazwa njengokuba kwicala engundoqo ekufundweni Umhlaba. Ratzel bebeye geography Ritter kaThixo, ukulahlula libe yabantu kunye nezopolitiko.

Nodumo embalini theory zomgquba karhulumente (okanye ophilayo lebensraum space), apho kuthelekiswa ukuba kukuzivelela kwezinto eziphilayo.

ngokuthanda Germany

Ratzel, umphengululi elinomdla zophando ezahlukeneyo, yaba ngokuthanda azinikele. Ekuqaleni le Franco-Prussia War of 1870, waba ezintlwini umkhosi Prussia kunye umlo walimala kabini. Emva yokuhlanganisa German ngo-1871, wazibhokoxa ukuze ukufunda yokuphila amaJamani abahlala kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze wenze oku, wayetyelela iHungary kunye yayo. Wahamba umsebenzi wakhe, yaye ngowe-1872, emva kokuwela Alps, watyelela Italy.

Jobs in America

Kwiminyaka 1874-75 Fridrih Rattsel waya eUnited States Mexico, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa umda yophando lwabo. Kwi-US, wafunda ezoqoqosho, ubume bentlalo kunye yokuhlala abantu bomthonyama nezizwe, ingakumbi ubomi amaNdiya. Ukongeza, watsalela ingqalelo yabo abamnyama kunye Chinese abahlala umbindi eUnited States, Intshonalanga kunye California. Ngokusekelwe ngophando lwakhe, wazama ukuba ukuqulunqa eminye imiba jikelele enxulumene regularities geographical okubangelwa kukudibana phakathi ngamandla lwandiseni layohlala amaqela abantu.

Fridrih Rattsel: anthropogeography

Ngowe-1875, emva kokugqiba izifundo kwi-US kunye Mexico, wabuyela eJamani, yaye ngowe-1876 wamiselwa uprofesa kwiYunivesithi Leipzig. Ngo-1878 no-1880 wapapasha iincwadi ezimbini kwi-North America, ezinxulumene yindawo elikuyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nenkcubeko.

Le ncwadi, awothi umphengululi waseJamani yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi, yagqitywa phakathi kweminyaka 1872 no-1899. iingcamango ezingundoqo Fridrih Rattsel bevela uhlalutyo yempembelelo lweempawu ezahlukeneyo bomzimba ngengingqi kunye nendlela abaphila abantu. Umqulu wokuqala "anthropogeography" sisifundo ukuzalana phakathi kwendoda nomhlaba, kwaye eyesibini - ukufunda igalelo layo kokusingqongileyo. umsebenzi Ratzel wawusekelwe kwi ingqiqo ukuba izinto ezenziwa ngabantu ixhomekeke bume ebonakalayo. Kweli phepha umbhali wasikhangela geography yabantu ngokwemigaqo yabantu ngabanye kunye neentlanga. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uluntu akakwazi emoyeni emoyeni. Kamva, yena ncoko yasusa ezinye Determinism ngayo imfundiso yakhe, esithi ukuba abantu ababandakanyekayo kumdlalo endalo, kunye nokusingqongileyo uliqabane, kungekhona umkhonzi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

Ratzel Darwin isicelo ingqikelelo abantu. Lo mfanekiso lubonisa ukuba amaqela abantu kufuneka nzima ukuze sisinde kwimvelo ezithile ezifana izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuba "kaDarwin lwentlalo." Ratzel waye ifilosofi esisiseko 'ixoxo nexoxo liyazigxumela' kwindawo ebonakalayo.

ze nto ibe

Ngowe-1890 yena balisebenzisa wakhuthaza ekuthatheni kwimimandla German phesheya nokwakha ubenesinqanawa balo bayakwazi umngeni eBritani. iingcamango bakhe wabonisa iziphumo komhlaba lomzabalazo zikaDarwin yobukho. Ngokungqinelana ne "imithetho" yokukhula ndawo zichume, urhulumente kufuneka kwandiswa, kwaye "iintlobo eziphezulu impucuko kufuneka kwandiswa kwi ngeendleko eziphantsi." Le mithetho kuzo zendalo, banikwe hanya kutshanje waseJamani, inter-State wobambiswano eYurophu (General Schlieffen wayesele isicwangciso ukuba ahlasele France) kunye ngokuvela emphaya (Afrika yahlukana kwi Nkomfa eBerlin kwiminyaka 1884-85). Looks Ratzel Waphendula amabango lwengingqi lizwe. Emva kokufa kwakhe kunye geopolitics First World War German ivuke anthropogeography izimvo ukuze anelise amabhongo zabo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi yakhe wabalahla zizazinzulu British ne American.

Ilungelo lokuba nendawo abahlala

Ngowe-1897, Fridrih Rattsel wabhala "geography lezopolitiko", apho kuthelekiswa urhulumente kunye nomzimba. Izazinzulu bathi ukuba, ngathi ezinye izinto ezilula kufuneka ukukhula okanye afe, kwaye sime ngxi. Fridriha Rattselya ingcamango "isithuba ophilileyo" liye zabangela impikiswano malunga iintlanga awongamileyo kunye ophantsi, esithi iintlanga ephuhliswe kakhulu banelungelo lokuba ukwandisa ummandla wayo ( "isithuba ophilayo") ngeendleko abamelwane eziphuhlileyo kangako. Wayechaza izimvo zakhe, esithi ukwandiswa imo imida yayo ngeendleko bangenamandla kubonisa yamandla ayo angaphakathi. sigqibo izizwe ngasemva ephakeme lwesizwe, enze imfuneko yendalo. Ngenxa yoko, Fridrih Rattsel, ogama geopolitics kweyisa eJamani ngowe banesifo, iye negalelo kokuqhambuka Second World War.

Amanqanaba yophuhliso uluntu

Ukuxoxa impembelelo kokusingqongileyo ebonakalayo phezu kwabantu, anthropogeography yaseJamani ababesithi abantu uqhubele phambili ngokwezigaba. Loo manyathelo zezi:

• ukuzingela nokuloba;
• hoe isiko;
• ez;
• zokulima mixed apho kwezolimo kunye nezilwanyana lulimo ziyabethabethana;
• ukunakekela izilwane unmixed;
• isivuno.

Yena, ke, wathi akuyomfuneko ukuba kudlula zonke uluntu ngokusebenzisa amanqanaba afanayo kwezoqoqosho.

Umanyano Diversity

Ngaloo mihla, kuye kwakho ukunyuka kakhulu kule ulwazi neenkcukacha; idatha wafika kukuninzi evela kwiikona ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. kummandla ngamnye sizibonakalisa nakokumngqongileyo yemvelo iindlela ezahlukeneyo imveliso kunye nobomi ngeendlela. Ratzel wazama ukwakha "umanyano sibalulekileyo neyantlukwano".

Isazinzulu German uye wabona ukuzalwa lengxoxo malunga dichotomy phakathi kwendawo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nezentlalo noqoqosho. Abaphengululi ezifana Dzhordzh Dzherald, wayekholelwa ukuba lo inzululwazi lijongana isifundo umhlaba wonke ngaphandle kubhekiselwa umntu. Ayekholelwa ukuba imithetho ngqo zingasetwa kuphela xa umntu ngaphandle kulo ngenxa yendlela ebabeziphathe ngayo ke akucingeleki kakhulu. Ratzel ubeke phambili ingongoma olukhulu lwembono, sivakalisa kwendawo ebonakalayo kwindawo yesayensi, apho umntu yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Wabeka phambili umgaqo Umanyano kwiYantlukwanoy, esithi ezahlukahlukeneyo iimeko zokusingqongileyo umntu esoloko ingena, ngoko ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo imvulophu yendawo ye Umhlaba kuyimfuneko ukuba nokulungelelanisa iindidi ngeziganeko zendalo kunye nenkcubeko.

Ukushwankathela, sinokuthi umsebenzi Ratzel bazala, ingakumbi xa ucinga imali izala mpikiswano ngokwasengqondweni kumacala omabini i-Atlantic. Outlook le sisazinzulu ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bakhe bokufundisa kunye nophando ukongamela eminyaka.