Ehla- siba. Yonke, indalo. yonke bungu

Ngowe-1845, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi IsiNgesi iNkosi Rosse yafunyanwa iklasi ka helical uhlobo mafu. uhlobo zazo kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba ezi mafu ziinkqubo enkulu ogcwele ezifanayo kumnyele wethu, kodwa bona baye zisuswe kulo izigidi ezininzi iminyaka elula.

ulwazi jikelele

iminyele Ukonakala (Ifoto enikwe kweli nqaku, bonisa iimpawu yesakhiwo) imbonakalo yazo embhoxo iperi amacwecwe zibekwe kunye okanye lens lenticular. Ke ingafunyanwa njenge idiski omkhulu ogcwele kunye halo. Indawo ephakathi, leyo abangaboniyo ifuze ukudumba, ebizwa kwexeshana. A band emnyama (oluphakathi medium layer ngaphaya) ngokwandisa ecaleni disc, ebizwa uthuli oluphakathi.

iminyele Ukonakala ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakaliswe yileta S. Ukongeza, zingakotshwa zahlulwe kwisakhiwo yesidanga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abalinganiswa abaphambili adityaniswe iileta a, b okanye c. Ngenxa yoko, Sa ekwafanekisa kumnyele kunye nesakhiwo ngokwaneleyo helical, kodwa nucleus enkulu. Kudidi lwesithathu - SC - libhekisela izinto esahlukileyo, core buthathaka nonamandla iingalo zikhula. Ezinye iinkqubo inkwenkwezi kumbindi inokuba umtsibeli, ekuthiwa bar. Kulo mzekelo, i izihionipho ziye uphawu V. kumnyele wethu bobabo uhlobo esiphakathi, ngaphandle Oxhumayo.

Indlela eyakhiwe Ukonakala isakhiwo disk?

Flat idiskhi-ezimilise chaza ukujikeleza ezisebenzisanayo nkwenkwezi. Ku hypothesized ukuba ngexesha ukuyilwa leminyele amandla centrifugal kuthintela ekuthiwa-amafu ucinezelo protogalactic kwicala aa Incopho esqwini ujikelezo. Kufuneka wazi ukuba uhlobo intshukumo zegesi kunye iinkwenkwezi mafu akufani: kwentamo clusters phendula ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kweenkwenkwezi ubudala. Umzekelo, ukuba isantya uphawu ukujikeleza igesi 150-500 km / s, halo inkwenkwezi uya kusoloko kucothoza. A bulges equka izibonelelo ezilolu hlobo, kuya kuba ngesantya izihlandlo ezithathu ngaphantsi akwazi.

igesi Star

Iibhiliyoni yeenkqubo elanga iyileyo ihamba ilawula zabo ngaphakathi iminyele zingathathwa njenge nobuninzi ngamasuntswana benza uhlobo gas nkwenkwezi. Kwaye kakhulu Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iimpawu zayo kufutshane kakhulu igesi eqhelekileyo. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa ingqiqo ezifana "yamasuntswana mninzi", "mninzi", "ingcinezelo", "lobushushu". Togu kwe parameter lokugqibela amandla umndilili isindululo 'umbhodamo "zeenkwenkwezi. Xa batshintshana disk igesi obalaseleyo uyakwazi basasaze amaza uhlobo Ukonakala ongenawo-ucinezelo ezinoxinano kufutshane isandi. Bona bayakwazi obegat Way ngesantya esingaguqukiyo Velocity emboxo kwiminyaka embalwa amakhulu ezigidi. Banoxanduva ukuze kwakhiwe iingalo zikhula. Ngelo xesha xa kukho ucinezelo ze gesi, kuqala inkqubo yokutshata amafu ezibandayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba inkwenkwezi esebenzayo.

ukuba umdla

Irhasi halo kwaye okweqanda iinkqubo linamandla, ngamanye eshushu. Ngako oko, isindululo beenkwenkwezi kwi kwabeMi olu hlobo inophawu bahlupheke. Ngenxa yoko, umahluko koko phakathi ngezantya yabo nendawo kufutshane zezinto eziliqela iikhilomitha ezilikhulu ngomzuzwana (Velocity kwiintsali). Kuba ogcwele Velocity igesi kwiintsali edla 10-50 km / s, ngokulandelelana, "isidanga" yabo kubanda ngokuphawulekayo. Kukholelwa ukuba isizathu sokuba lo mahluko ilele ngaloo maxesha ezikude (iminyaka engaphezu kwe-billion ezilishumi eyadlulayo), indalo xa iminyele zaziqalisa nje ukwenza. Eyokuqala kuzo wabumba amacandelo ukulenza.

amaza kwezinto ebizwa amaza ezixineneyo, ibaleke kwi diski olujikelezayo. Ngenxa yoko, zonke iinkwenkwezi kwabeMi olu hlobo ke, njengoko kwanyanzeleka phandle amasebe awo, ngoko hamba ukusuka apho. Indawo kuphela apho uqina ezingalweni inkwenkwezi ezijikeleze kuba ngaxeshanye, - ekuthiwa-corotation isangqa. Phela, kuloo ndawo kukho ilanga. Kuba iplanethi yethu le meko intle kunene: Earth ukho kwindawo cwaka ngokwentelekiso kumnyele, ngenxa yoko, ngenxa amawaka ezigidi zeminyaka, oko akuthethi va ifuthe iintlekele ezininzi isikali esembindini.

Iimpawu zezigidi ezijikeleze

Mu kuya kwa nshita izakhiwo okweqanda, Way ezijikeleze ngamnye (imizekelo kunokubonwa efotweni thaca kule paper test) kuye incasa engaqhelekanga. Ukuba uhlobo lokuqala inxulunyaniswa nokuzola, zokubhala, oluzinzileyo, uhlobo lwesibini - amandla, imisinga ujikelezo. Mhlawumbi Yilaa nto ngeenkwenkwezi bathi yonke (yonke) "berserk". Ulwakhiwo uhlobo Way ezijikeleze luquka engundoqo esembindini ukusuka apho ibekwe sleeve entle (amasebe). Bona ngaphandle kwe clusters inkwenkwezi kancane kancane imilo zabo. Loo wekhamera ukuhlanganiswa kunye, intshukumo enamandla ngokukhawuleza. iminyele Ukonakala luphawulwa ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela, kwakunye imifanekiso emasebeni awo.

ehla- Indlela Cazulula

Ngaphandle kolu neyantlukwano, abaphengululi bakwazi lihlele zonke iminyele ezaziwayo zikhula. Parameter engundoqo wagqiba ukusebenzisa iqondo yophuhliso imikhono ubukhulu nuclei zabo, kwaye umgangatho compactness for olungeyomfuneko etsha ukuya kwisiqalo.

Sa

Edwin P. Hubble wathabatha iklasi Sa ezo iminyele ephotheneyo, leyo namasebe ngokwaneleyo. izihloko ezinjalo kusoloko nucleus enkulu. Amaxesha amaninzi eli ziko iklasi lo mnyele isiqingatha ubungakanani yonke yamaqela. Ezi izinto luphawulwa ibinzana liphantsi. Banako nokulithelekisa kunye okweqanda ezisebenzisanayo nkwenkwezi. Amaninzi, iminyele ezijikeleze kwi iphela ithe kwamasebe amabini. Bona zibekwe kwiincam ongundoqo. Naziphi amasebe macala, ngendlela efanayo. Njengoko umgama ukusuka embindini amasebe uphawu lifinyele, yaye umgama elithile yaye benza iyayeka ukuba abonakale, walahlekelwa kwimimandla peripheral yesihloko. Noko ke, kukho izinto ezingenawo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu enemikhono. Noko ke, isakhiwo enjalo kumnyele kakhulu ezinqabileyo. Nangakumbi ngamaxesha uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nebula yezi xa isebe omnye eziphuhlileyo ngaphezu enye.

WO and SC

Subclass WO yokuhlela uEdwin P. Hubble iphuhlise kakhulu ngakumbi ingalo, kodwa babe bengenazo amasebe abazizityebi. Kernel mncinci kakhulu ngaphezu koko lohlobo yokuqala. Le subclass lesithathu (SC) izihloko ezijikeleze inkwenkwezi kukho izinto kunye namasebe phambili kakhulu, kodwa embindini amancinci kwalo kakhulu.

Ingaba ukuzalwa kunokwenzeka?

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba isakhiwo ezijikeleze usisiphumo isindululo engazinzanga iinkwenkwezi, leyo kwenzeka ngenxa nokuncipha olomeleleyo. Ngaphezulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iingalo ekujoliswe, njengoko umthetho, iingxilimbela ezishushu kwaye kukho abahlanganisele ndawonye ubunzima engundoqo umcimbi ehlasela - othuli oluphakathi kunye negesi oluphakathi. Le nto ke ingqalelo ukusuka kwelinye icala. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba cluster nkwenkwezi kakhulu zixinaniswe ngethuba zazivelela yayo akayi kuba nako ukuphulukana isidanga se compactness. Ngenxa yoko, le utshintsho malunga nalo engenakwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, sigqiba ukuba iminyele okweqanda ayikwazi ukuvula waziva, kwaye phezu koko, ke ngoko indawo amalungiselelo (wendalo). Ngamanye amazwi, amaqela inkwenkwezi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo babini kwemvelo olunye, kunye nenkqubo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. uhlobo nganye enjalo ngumzekelo iindlela kwindaleko malungana ngenxa ratio ucinezelo ezahlukeneyo. A uphawu oku kwenze ukuba sixhomekeke umahluko ujikelezo beminyele. Umzekelo, ukuba ngexesha lokusekwa wayo, inkqubo elibunkwenkwezi ufumana ujikelezo ngokwaneleyo, ke kunokuthatha ifomu zixinaniswe, kwaye iza kuphuhlisa iingalo zikhula. Ukuba iqondo ujikelezo asanelanga, ngoko kumnyele liya kuba ngaphantsi ukwazi, yaye kwasekwa amasebe ayo - oku imilo zakudala okweqanda.

Yintoni enye umahluko

Kukho ezinye iiyantlukwano phakathi kweenkqubo star okweqanda kunye zikhula. Ngenxa yoko, uhlobo lokuqala iminyele ukuba inqanaba eliphantsi ucinezelo, iphawulwa imali encinci (okanye akukho) umcimbi kwentamo. Ngelo xesha linye amaqela helical kunye kwinqanaba eliphezulu ucinezelo, kwaye ziqulathe amasuntswana igesi kunye nothuli. Oku izazinzulu umahluko uchaze ngolu hlobo. nothuli kunye amasuntswana gas njengoko zihamba ngamaxesha nazo. Le nkqubo inelastic. Emva kokuba kwenzeke ingozi, amasuntswana ukulahlekelwa yingxenye lwamandla lwabo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ngokuthe ngcembe ukuhlala kwiindawo kwinkqubo obalaseleyo, leyo ophantsi yamandla.

inkqubo abe eziphezulu

Ukuba inkqubo echazwe ngasentla lwenzeka kwinkqubo inkwenkwezi kakhulu zixinaniswe, izinto diffusive kufuneka ahlale phantsi moya engundoqo kumnyele, kuba kulapha ukuba inqanaba lamandla sesiphantsi. Apha zihamba kakuhle kwaye amasuntswana igesi kunye nothuli. into ehlasela Eminye iqala intshukumo yalo moya engundoqo yesihloko nkwenkwezi. Ukuhambisa kakhulu zifana emzileni setyhula. Le ngozi apha pretty inqabile. Ukuba kwenzeka, ilahleko eneji okungenamsebenzi. Kulo kulandela ukuba ngokubhekele phaya embindini Galaxy mba akayi kushukunyiswa, apho Amandla kwinqanaba aphantsi.

inkqubo ucinezelo Low

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele imo galaxy okweqanda. Inkqubo inkwenkwezi olu hlobo uphuhliso ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo le nkqubo. Apha, lo moya loqobo alinjalo endaweni echaziwe ngokucacileyo amandla oluphantsi. ukuncitshiswa Strong yale parameter kwenzeka kuphela kwicala yesihloko inkwenkwezi engundoqo. Oku kuthetha ukuba irhasi oluphakathi kunye nothuli Kuza kutsalwa umdla kwiziko lo mnyele. Ngenxa yoko, lexinene kwentamo umcimbi apha liphezulu kakhulu, ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba abe nangokuyisasaza eflethini kwinkqubo zikhula. Ezahlanganisana ukuqokelelana engundoqo kwamasuntswana othuli negesi phantsi amandla womxhuzulane iya zixinaniswe, oko kwasekwa indawo ubungakanani elincinane-ezintweni ashinyeneyo. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba ngenxa yale mba kwixesha elizayo baqale ukwakha iinkwenkwezi ezintsha. Kubalulekile apha eyahlukileyo - encinane ubukhulu ngelifu igesi kunye uthuli ibekwe ngaphakathi kwinucleus Galaxy zixinaniswe kancinane, angavumeli wena ukuba kufumanisa ukuba kule khosi lokuqaphela.

izigaba eziphakathi

Siye sahlolisisa iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ezisebenzisanayo inkwenkwezi - kunye ababuthathaka kunye inqanaba olomeleleyo ucinezelo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amabakala eziphakathi, xa inkqubo ucinezelo ibekwe phakathi kwezi parameters. Kwezi iminyele, olu phawu bayoyisakala ngokwaneleyo kuyenye mba ndawonye ecaleni moya iphambili yesihloko. Kwangaxeshanye, akukho buthathaka ngokwaneleyo kwaye amasuntswana igesi kunye nothuli zicukene kummandla engundoqo. Kwezi iminyele umcimbi ehlasela buthathwa moya encinane, nto leyo eya ehlabathini ongundoqo cluster inkwenkwezi.

iminyele yavala

Enye uhlobo olunganeno eyaziwa kumnyele Ukonakala - a cluster inkwenkwezi kunye umtsibeli. msebenzi wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ukuba inkqubo oya kumanzisa siba zesiqhelo zivela ngqo core disk-emile, ngoko olu hlobo loncedo ise phakathi kwebhulorho ngqo. A isebe yesihloko iqala eziphelweni ingxenye. Kodwa zibizwa yiminyele intersected ahamba. Ke kaloku, ubume bendalo lwebhulorho akwaziwa.

Ukongeza, izazinzulu bakwazi ukufumana uhlobo olunye uluhlu inkwenkwezi. Bona luphawulwa undoqo, ngathi iminyele ephotheneyo, kodwa ke akukho enemikhono. Ubukho ngumongo ubonisa ucinezelo nomelele, kodwa zonke ezinye iparameters zifana inkqubo ellipsoidal. amaqela enjalo ibizwa lens-ezimile. Izazinzulu ndicebisa ukuba aba mafu kwakheka ngenxa yokuphulukana uwele Way umcimbi wayo kwentamo.