Kwezityalo

Ukwahluka yommandla flora inzululwazi ihlukane subkingdoms ezimbini: ephezulu kunye nezityalo asezantsi. Ukuze ziquka izityalo ephezulu, umzimba kwezityalo nto yahlulwe amalungu, baye iziqu, iingcambu kunye namagqabi. Xa izityalo asezantsi, ngokuchasene noko, kwahlulwe akwenziwanga, koko, akukho amalungu okuzala multicellular. Eziphilayo mihla le zityalo asezantsi sibhekisela ulwelwe kuphela, kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, naye zichongwe nomngundo neentsholongwane, kwakunye nazo zonke ezinye ngaphandle izityalo aphezulu kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo.

Kuba kwezityalo luphawulwa: eyahlukeneyo imibala, amalungu okuzala olunye-ezineseli, ikhaya amanzi. Ulwelwe kwiplanethi yethu wafika kuqala: kweminyaka kwezityalo efosili ezifumaneka esicwangciswe Archean kunye sexesha Proterozoic, ezimalunga-3 billion iminyaka ..

Abanye, ugxininise kwisihloko, ndicinga ukuba izityalo ephantsi - abangekaphuhli olunye-ezineseli ubukhulu ngemikroskopu. Noko ke, oku akuyonyaniso. Kakade ke, ulele elilodwa olunye- ningabaleli subkingdoms, kodwa ifaka kuzo zombini ulwelwe ezinkulu multicellular, ubude leyo efikelela amashumi eziliqela kweemitha. Kwakunye nengaphezulu, bangathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yefotosinthsis. ulwelwe andise kwenzeka ngokwesondo kunye maqanda (kwezityalo okanye zoospores) ithetha. Zonke ezisezantsi kunye nezityalo eziphezulu ziqulathe yiklorofili, kodwa ephantsi Ukongeza kukho ezinye zombala ukuba ubanike umbala ethile: omdaka, tyheli, obomvu, njl

izityalo Lower, imizekelo

Ulwelwe lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe aselwandle nahambayo (uninzi). izityalo Lower ezihlala amanzi anetyuwa, kungenziwa akhiwe zombini phezu komhlaba kunye kubunzulu. Noko ke, kuba ubomi badinga ukukhanya, ukuze kubunzulu kakhulu - malunga 250-300 seemitha okanye ngaphezulu - ke musa ukuza kulo njengoko imitha yelanga musa ukungena kulo kumhlathi emanzini.

Eyona edumileyo kelp elwandle - kelp okanye ingca yaselwandle. Kuyinto iphepha emxinwa, lafikelela ubude beemitha ezininzi yaye ebambelele iinkqubo-ezantsi rhizoids. zoospores ekhuthazwa kelp - iiseli, uhlobo sifunda eliphakathi, equlethe ngumongo kunye chromatophores, exhobele ne misila ukuhamba. Emva kokukhululwa yeseli unina zoospore ukuhlela misila, ehamba emanzini de de iya qhoboshela zeendawana ngesondo akayi kumnika ubomi a lisiza entsha.

Lwesinye - uhlobo olunye elwandle kelp. Esi sityalo multicellular ufana ngetyholo, ubude bayo unako ukufikelela iimitha ezimbini. Fucus eqhotyoshelweyo kulo zeendawana sezondlo usebenzisa amathe, ngokufuthi bokwakha lonke iintshinyela emanzini onxweme. Oku ekhuthazwa ngokwesondo: kwezinye iiseli koomama ekuthiwa antheridia kwaye ibekwe emancamini yezityalo kwakhiwa isidoda kwezinye iiseli - oogonia - bakha kweqanda. Phantsi yempembelelo attractants - izinto zitsala amanzi kule isidoda amaqanda, bona coalesce kunye elilodwa ibunjiwe, ukusuka apho lona lisiza ezintsha liya kukhula kamva.

Xa amanzi amadama izityalo ephantsi (ezimdaka) kuthi. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kubo - Spirogyra. Spirogyra ulula ifumaneka amachibi amanzi amileyo: anodaka ukwakha izihloko ohlaza efana uboya Singabhalwa. Ukuba ujonga kuyo phantsi ngemicroscope, ungabona thallus izityalo, eziquka enkulu (ukuya kwi 0,01 mm) iiseli zezindlu oqala emgceni. Spirogyra ikwazi ukuzandisa ngeendlela ezimbini: ngokwesondo ngokukha. Ngokungafaniyo fucus, ogama yokwakhiwa kwe-elilodwa senzeka ezo isidoda neqanda, le elilodwa nobulembu luqokelelane kwisiphambuka iiseli-2. andise kwezityalo kwenzeka xa yokucazulula kwayo kulo mzekelo, ilungu ngalinye ebumba isityalo esitsha.