Ukusabela qualitative

Le yesebe kwinzululwazi njengoko ifildi yodibaniso, efundelwa ukwakhiwa kunye nolwakhiwo imichiza. Isetyenziswa isifundo iikhompawundi ezingaziwayo okanye imixube. Uhlalutyo esemgangathweni ukufumanisa ubukho okanye ukungabikho izinto okanye radicals kwi imichiza ezimbaxa, yaye uhlahlelo oluninzi kuquka ukumiselwa into kwemichiza kwisampulu, ngamanye amazwi, inani macandelo okumisele mxube. Uhlalutyo esemgangathweni ukusetyenziswa uphawu izinto ezithile abasabela yemichiza kulula ukwenza. Iimvavanyo ubunjani ukuvumela nokwakhelwa neziphumo ezilindelekileyo okanye ukungabi nabo.

iMbonakalo-ngqo yoBume ephuhlisa iindlela ezintsha ukuphucula zohlalutyo kunye nesicelo zazo zepraktikhali, kwakunye ekufundweni iziseko theoretical component iinkqubo yohlalutyo. Abo abanezakhono kwi yakhe amachiza, ngokwasemzimbeni kunye physico-chemical iindlela zohlalutyo. Xa intliziyo abaninzi kubo reactions qualitative zisetyenziselwa uzingela radicals, kunye nezinto kananjalo eqhola ifakiwe nokwakheka zeesampulu. Ukuze ukufunda ubunjani kunye nokwakheka oluninzi asetyenziswa:

• Uhlalutyo elemental (emiselwe yi ekwakhiweni elemental);
• Uhlalutyo molekyuli (ebekwe yi isakhiwo anemichiza kwinqanaba molecule);
• kwesakhiwo (a uhlobo uhlalutyo lwalusanda, aphanda ulwakhiwo lwendawo-athom kunye molekyuli zabo ubunzima ezinto eziphilayo kunye nefomula olwenziwe);
• Uhlalutyo functional (organic zifundwa ngamaqela ezisebenzayo).

Ngenxa yoko, oko kwamkelwa zombini khompawundi ezingaphiliyo organic. Phambi izinto ezithile ukuze abonakale okanye anyamalale kombala kukhululwa okanye yachithwa kwenze waphawula effervescence kunye nabanye. Ukuba umgangatho indlela abanyuliweyo ngokuchanekileyo, ngamanye bakhethe (uyakhetha) ukuba zesiqinisekiso ethile okanye anion, ngokunjalo nobuzaza kakhulu (ngamanye amazwi, Ubhaqo umgubasi ivumela imali encinci), umphumo uya kuba japan ethembekileyo - kokugqitywa ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwisisele isampula okanye iziyobisi . Isiseko sale kulingwa izisombululo zolwelo owaziwa basabela ionic qualitative.

Kuba iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo, kaninzi kwenzeka izisombululo zolwelo, kodwa kwimeko ukuse- zesinyithi kwealkali ubhaqo yenziwa xa kusenziwa iityuwa ezomileyo kwi-avareji (angasisichenge) Umoya inxalenye isibane ilangatye. Ukuse- of lithium (Li +) imibala nokulenya ngombala emnyama epinki. kubeke potassium (K +) - a violet, sodium (Na +) - emthubi, rubidium (RB +) - ebomvu, atom (Cs +) - oluhlaza. kubeke indlela qualitative ukuze kwenzelwa iityuwa barium: ubukho ukuse- barium (Ba2 +) kulindeleke ngokudibanisa reagent ukuya ion sulfate (SO42-), ukususela onesiphumo barium sulfate sivete umbala omhlophe, engaquki inyibilike asidi: Ba2 + + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Ubukho imbo kukhokela (Pb2 +) wafumana xa baboniswa zolwelo kumxube wetyuwa emanzini (S2-), ngenxa emanzini lead ibunjiwe, leyo ngokwemvula njenge kwenze abamnyama: Pb2 + + S2- → PbS ↓. Ukusabela qualitative ezaziwayo-kakuhle, zombini ukuse- kunye anions baninzi, yaye zichazwe Analytical Chemistry.

Xa ukhetha impendulo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukuya uvavanyo isampuli ngayo, kubalulekile ukwazi imithetho jikelele ukunyibilika anemichiza:

1. Zonke nitrate ezinyibilikayo.
2. Phantse yonke potassium, sodium kunye Ammonium iityuwa ezinyibilikayo.
3. Zonke kloride, bromides kunye iodides ezinyibilikayo, ngaphandle halide yesilivere, mercury (I) kunye PB (II).
4. Zonke sulfates awonayo, ngaphandle barium sulfate, kwiteksti kunye nelothe (II), nto leyo ezingenakunyibilika, kwaye calcium sulfate nesilivere, leyo obuphakathi emanzini.
5. Zonke carbonates, sulfites phosphate ezi ezingenakunyibilika ngaphandle carbonates, sulphites kunye phosphate potassium, sodium kunye Ammonium.
6. Zonke sulfides ezingenakunyibilika ngaphandle sulfides zesinyithi kwealkali, iintsimbi ialakalin umhlaba kunye Ammonium.
7. Zonke hydroxides ezingenakunyibilika ngaphandle hydroxides metal obrak. Kwiteksti hayidroksayidi, calcium kunye barium zizinto ngokonga emanzini.

Loo organic izinto ezifana alkanes (iparafini hydrocarbon) okanye alkenes (hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo) kungabonwa kusetyenziswa nesisombululo potassium permanganate, kwimeko yokuqala akayi ukutshintsha umbala walo ukuze hydrocarbon paraffinic kunye permanganate modem kule ngqele. Kwimeko yesibini, isisombululo uba ezingenambala ngenxa kukuvuza Wagner reaction (umz, ethylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. Ngenxa yoko, lihla lwe manganese kwenze dayokhsayidi ukuba umbala sinombala. Proteni iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo ezibonelela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo nayiphi esiphilayo. iseti yabo enkulu, kuya kusetyenziswa ingcaciso-kubaluleke kakhulu practical. Indlela qualitative kwiiproteni kusetyenziswa ezi iinjongo, baye bohlulwa umbala kunye negama. Ngoncedo lwabo, oko ayixhomekekanga iiproteni ngokwabo, yaye acid eziqulathwe kuzo.