Abaphandi e Afrika kunye nokuvulwa

Kweli nqaku, siza sikhumbule igalelo wenza kuphuhliso babaphandi geography Afrika. ezifunyaniswe zawo ziye zatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ingcamango Dark kwiZwekazi lonke.

Kumaphononongo okuqala e-Afrika

Uhambo lokuqala eyaziwa emhlabeni kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika iye yenziwa kwangoko 600 BC. e. abaphandi laseYiputa yamandulo ngokwemiyalelo kaFaro Neko. Oovulindlela Afrika kwajikeleza kwilizwekazi wabutyhila ingaziwa kweli lizwe.

Kwaye bamandulo, le yinxalenye yehlabathi ndayincamisisa inkxalabo kakhulu eYurophu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kurhwebo esebenzayo kunye Turks, lithengiswe ngendleko enkulu impahla yaseTshayina namaNdiya. Oku kwabangela ukuba abahambi baseYurophu ukuzama ukufumana indlela zabo Indiya ne-China ukwenzela ukuthintela mbambano Turkish.

kwabonakala abaphandi Afrika, yaye ifunyanwe nempembelelo kakhulu imbali yehlabathi. Kwiphulo lokuqala eququzelelwe isiPhuthukezi Prints Genri. Ebudeni bohambo yokuqala oomatiloshe bafumanisa Boyador ekapa, nto leyo ifumaneka kunxweme olusentshona Afrika. Abaphandi sele uqinisekile ukuba lo nguye kwindawo yomzantsi yezwe. Abaphengululi Modern bakholelwa ukuba Portuguese nje ukuboyika bendawo abamnyama. Abantu baseYurophu babekholelwa ukuba ilanga kangangokuba phezu kwelizwe elitsha ijinga, abantu balapha esilondeni abamnyama.

Portuguese Korol Huan II zixhotyiswe uhambo entsha, ikhokelwa ngu-Bartolomeo Diaz, kunye Cape of Good Hope yabhaqwa 1487 - ingongoma yokwenene yomzantsi yezwe. Le kwafunyaniswa yanceda baseYurophu ukukhokela indlela eya kumazwe asempuma. Ngowe-1497-1499 Vasco Da Gama zafika India waza wabuyela Portugal.

Nokumisa ulwazi olufunyenwe kuya kunceda itafile "Abaphandi e-Afrika", ngezantsi.

Emva kwakhe le ndawo, baseYurophu wathulula Afrika. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 oko yaqala urhwebo ngamakhoboka, neendawo 17 uninzi kwilizwekazi abamnyama esadudulwa loni. Inkululeko walondoloza eLiberia kuphela Ethiopia. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaqala uphando olusebenzayo eAfrika.

david Livingstone

wamazwe Scottish of Africa uDavid Livingstone yaba nzulu yokuqala yaseYurophu owaphumelela ezantsi ukuya entla ukuya kuwela Kalahari Desert. Wachaza komhlaba entlango, abantu balapha - nomphambukeli-Tswana bahlala kunye ngabaThwa amadlelo. Xa emantla Kalahari wafumana amahlathi gallery ezikhula ecaleni lomfula, yaye izicwangciso nokuhlola imilambo emikhulu eAfrika.

Kwakhona, izazinzulu ziye zafunda elwandle Ngami, River Zambezi, uye wachaza izizwe ngabaThwa, kunye bakalahari Makololo wabutyhila Lake Dilolo, ukuqengqeleka zasentshona leyo ulondla Congo nasempuma - Zambezi. Ngowe-1855 Wavuleka engxangxasi enkulu, ekuthiwa emva kokuba British Queen Victoria. Livingstone wagula kakhulu waya okwethutyana. Kubonakele umhambi Genri Morton Stenli, kunye behlola Lake eTanganyika.

Uninzi ubomi bakhe abazahluleleyo Umphandi of Africa, yaba wevangeli kunye nabantu, wazama ukuyeka urhwebo ngamakhoboka. Scientist wafa ngexesha elinye matutu.

mungo Park

Mungo Park wenza zobuntlola ezimbini ukuya Black kwiZwekazi lonke. Injongo ukufunda kwiNtshona Afrika, ingakumbi nezibilini zayo, imithombo yemilambo Gambia kunye Sinegal. Kwakhona injongo enqwenelekayo ibikukuseka indawo ngqo wesixeko Timbuktu, baseYurophu ngelo xesha wayevile kuphela bendawo.

Axhase umkhankaso wathabatha Dzhozef Benks, inxaxheba uhambo yokuqala kaYakobi Cook. Le mali kakhulu nemadlana - 200 kuphela uneemina.

Kwiphulo lokuqala lwenziwa ngo-1795. Baqalisa umlomo eGambia, apho ke kwakukho kulendawo IsiNgesi. Ukususela omnye wabo, umphandi kunye nabancedisi emithathu wenyuka Gambia. I Pisani wanyanzelwa ukuba ayeke iinyanga ezimbini, njengoko yimalariya.

Kamva, waya ngakumbi i Gambia kunye nemingenela yawo NERICA, kunye kumda osemazantsi weSahara, apho bambamba. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva sisazinzulu wakwazi ukubaleka ukufikelela umlambo eNiger. Apha bebone - Niger asiyiyo na umthombo Gambia kunye Senegal, nakuba ngaphambili ukuba baseYurophu babekholelwa ukuba yahlulahlulwe. Abanye ixesha umphandi uya eNigeria, kodwa kwakhona uyagula kwaye babuyela emlonyeni eGambia.

Le hambo sesibini baxhotyiswe ngcono, abantu 40 inxaxheba kuyo. Injongo ukuba baphande eNiger River. Noko ke, uhambo aluphumelelanga. Ngenxa yesi sifo, ukungqubana kunye nabantu balapha ukuba Bamako bakwazi ukufumana bephila abantu-11 kuphela. Park wahamba uhambo, kodwa ngaphambi wathumela umncedisi zonke iirekhodi zabo. abaphandi Afrika ayisoloko nako ukubuyela ekhaya evela kwiindawo ezinobungozi. wabulawa Ipaki kufuphi nedolophu Busa, ubalekile balapha.

Genri Morton Stenli

nomhloli IsiNgesi African Genri Morton Stenli - umhambi wodumo intatheli. Wangena search of the Livingstone engekhoyo kunye ibutho kwenzalelwane bamfumana nezibi Ujiji. Stanley wazisa izinto zonyango, yaye kungekudala waya Livingston izilungiso. Bahambisana behlola unxweme kumantla laseTanganyika. Ngowe-1872 wabuyela Zanzibar waza wabhala incwadi edumileyo, "Indlela ndafumanisa Livingstone". Ngowe-1875, ephelekwe liqela elikhulu izazinzulu zafikelela edikeni Ukereve.

Ngowe-1876, kunye ibutho labantu 2,000, nto leyo iye yaxhobisa ukumkani Uganda, Genri Morton Stenli amade, imephu esisigxina of Lake eTanganyika, wafumanisa Lake Albert Edward, bafika Nangve, ayihlola umlambo Lualaba ze bagqiba awaya kuyo umlomo the Congo River. Ngenxa yoko, ewela kwilizwekazi ukusuka empuma kuye entshona. Iindawo ezinika umdla Isazinzulu ochazwe kwincwadi ethi "Ngokusebenzisa Dark kwiZwekazi lonke."

Vasiliy Yunker

Abaphandi Russian eAfrika baye benza igalelo elikhulu ukufunda Black kwiZwekazi lonke. Vasiliy Yunker sithathwa njengomnye abaphandi aziintloko Upper Nile kunye inxalenye esemntla Congo Basin. uhambo lwakhe, awawuqalayo Tunisia, apho wayefunda Arabic. Le yinto Isazinzulu yophando wakhetha Afrika ethandwa mpuma. Babehamba entlango Libyan, imilambo uBharaki, Sobat, indima, jute, Tonzhi. MITT watyelela lizwe, Kalika.

Junker ibuthe kuphela ingqokelela onge enezityalo nezilwanyana. izifundo zakhe zokuzoba ezichanileyo, wenza imaphu yokuqala efikelela kuyo njengoMnayile, nayo sisazinzulu wazichaza enezityalo nezilwanyana, ingakumbi iinkawu iinkcukacha wafumanisa isilwanyana unknown - shestokryla. data zexabiso ngenkcazo, eziye zaqokelelwa Juncker. Wazakhela isichazi izizwe Negro, wawuqokelela ingqokelela osisityebi ngenkcazo.

Yegor Kovalevsky

Beza nabaphandi ukuya ilizwekazi i-Afrika kunye zokufunwa nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni. Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky wacela ukuza eYiputa viceroy wengingqi Muhammad Ali. Izazinzulu ziye olwenziwe kwi-Afrika kumntla-mpuma, ukufunda ezahlukeneyo zejoloji bafumanisa iidipozithi ibhola ndawonye nobambe ibhola igolide. Ngomnye bokuqala ukuchaza isikhundla umthombo White Nile, wafundela ngokweenkcukacha aza alicanda indawo enkulu Sudan kunye Abyssinia, wachaza ubomi zabantu baseAfrika.

Alexander Eliseev

Aleksandr Vasilevich Eliseev egcinwe kwilizwekazi kangangeminyaka eliqela, ukususela 1881 ukuya 1893. Wafunda emantla nasemantla-mpuma Afrika. Wachaza ngokweenkcukacha uhlobo abemi kunye Tunisia, uLwandle Olubomvu kunye esezantsi zeNayile.

UNikolai Vavilov

abaphandi Soviet rhoqo watyelela Afrika Dark Continent, kodwa UNikolai Ivanovich Vavilov simi phakathi kwabo kakhulu. Ngowe-1926 wenza i uhambo yezenzululwazi enkulu. Wafunda Algeria, Biskra enamanzi kwiSahara entlango, ummandla entabeni Kabylia, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia, iYiputa, Ethiopia ne-Eritrea.

Botany unomdla kakhulu iindima kokuhluma kwezityalo. Ixesha elininzi wayitshabalalisa Ethiopia, apho waqokelela bungaphezu kweekhilogram ezingamawaka amathandathu imizekelo yezityalo ezityaliweyo bafumana malunga 250 iintlobo zengqolowa. Ukongeza, kukho ulwazi oluninzi malunga flora zasendle ifunyenwe.

UNikolai Vavilov ndahamba ihlabathi, ukuhlola kunye nokuqokelela izityalo. wabhala "Five Amazwekazi" incwadi malunga ngohambo lwakhe.