Alexander 2: Reform Education (ngokufutshane). Izizathu, ixabiso iingenelo neengozi iinguqu kwezemfundo Alexander 2

Kwenziwe ngexesha lokulawula soguqulo Alexander 2 kwaba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo eRashiya baloo maxesha. Kungekuphela nje abantwana, kodwa ke ababephila umlawuli yaphawula nje utshintsho ezintle Alexander 2 yophuhliso karhulumente kunye navumelanayo.

Akunakuphepheka yotshintsho

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba Ukuvuma itrone ngoFebruwari 1855 - imini emva kokufa kukayise loMlawuli Nicholas 2 - 2 Alexander wakwenza kwacaca ukuba abantu bakhe, ukuba uyaqonda, apho ixesha aza kulawula, kunye nemeko lizwe yayize kuye. Wathi oku kwintetho yakhe yokuqala njengoko umlawuli phambi amalungu eBhunga State. imeko yentlalo nopolitiko eRashiya ngelo xesha wayengeyiyo oluzinzileyo ngokuqhubekayo kusenzeka. Kwafuneka ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukusombulula eliqela imiba kakuhle ezintsonkothileyo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezopolitiko, ukuba ilizwe ngaphandle lobunzima.

A Ukungaphumeleli War iCrimea kukhokelele yokuwa nkqubo yezemali kunye bohlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo ngezizwe Russia. Ukukhulisa ukunganeliseki phakathi wabanumzana, ibhodi nabalimi amagosa aphezulu kunye ezimiswe mlawuli kumaphondo. Abantu baqonda ukuba inguquko iyadingeka, yaye ukulungele ukuba ukulandela yinkokheli nayiphi na, ukuba wathethayo, ukuba wobanika lona. Ukusasazeka intshukumo wogrogriso elamkeleke kuluntu wokumelana neNgonyama eziphelelwe lixesha. ngokutsha lemfundo Alexander 2, ukuqala ngalo It sabekwa kwiminyaka yokuqala wobukumkani bakhe; ngokuba ixesha ukuzola kudumba iingqondo zabantu abatsha inkqubela-nye nonke, kodwa hayi ixesha elide. Ekugqibeleni, umlawuli umfana othile iyelenqe of the People, nangona iinjongo zabo ezintle.

Student yoyo izitshintshe

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubukumkani uNicholas 2 ekuhlaleni umfundi, ebulalekile ulawulo yoqeqesho nzima kunye nendlela yokuphila, kakade phezu Iimpawu zokuqala mass ukungathobeli elizayo. Kodwa utshintsho ngumlawuli, elandelwa ukunyenyisa kubomi babafundi, ulawulo olutsha kwi kwiiyunivesithi zombini zeengqukuva, ngokuyinxenye lubuyiswe ukumbombozela zaneliswe. Izizathu utshintsho ka-Alexander 2, kuquka imfundo, ayikho kuphela kule okanye ngokuzenzekelayo qwele isiganeko - kukho inani elininzi iimeko.

yoyo umfundi encinane, nto leyo yabalasela eMoscow ngo-1858, zaye okubangelwa ekungazini tactlessness amapolisa ngokuqinileyo fixated kwi esitalini nelidangeleyo oku, lo gama ulutsha ngokukhawuleza phambili lakrazuka nekamva olutshintshayo. Ngu-nkqubo phezulu amapolisa ngelo xesha kwafuneka ukuba nanto yakwenza kwaye phambili ecaleni umlawuli - Alexander ityala kubo, wanikela umyalelo elugcinweni, kodwa 60s bokuqala inkcaso wathimba mood kuluntu Russian kunye neeyunivesithi. impendulo Umfundi ukuya obstinacy lwendalo kunye nemfundo guqula waba Alexander 2. Chaza ukuba ingachazwa ngolu hlobo: ummiselo endala, usebenza ukususela 1835, ukuba kuthengwe entsha, uNicholas somfundisi washiyeka isitulo yiNgqonyela kaThixo wahlala iiyunivesithi abaqeshwa Alexander.

Imfundo kubo bonke

Ekuqaleni kuka-1861 kuye kukho isiganeko esingundoqo lizwe, leyo kakhulu wagqiba ikhondo wokulawula umlawuli omtsha: bezdnenskaya intlekele, imvukelo umfundi entsha abalimi ukuba afe, ingqumbo kwamapolisa, lo ambiguity, leyo zibonwa luluntu, nkqu iziganeko ezininzi singabalulekanga kweli lizwe. Umqalisi of iinguqulelo ezininzi, eyaqala ngo kwiminyaka yokuqala 60s, Alexander ngokwakhe 2. iinguqu kwezeMfundo baba ncakasana ukutshintsha imithetho ukufunda kwiiyunivesithi, kwizikolo ezikhethekileyo, ukuba yamahlwempu abantwana ukwenzela ukuba bafunde ukufunda nokubhala. iinguqu emfundo balwamkela kunye nesiqingatha nemazi yabemi - kuye kwabonakala ukuba kungekudala kwaye emfundo amaziko ziya kuvulelwa kubo. De ebukumkanini Alexander amantombazana 2 ukusuka kwiintsapho zobunene wafumana imfundo ukuze ubume babo ekhaya, kwi abarhwebi, kwabemi kunye nezindlu nabalimi 'kwi zochuku ezifana ukukwazi kwabantwana ukufunda nokubhala kuphela nje ezimbalwa abazali care.

Uphuhliso charter yeprojekthi elizayo

Kukuwa 1861 ezivunyiweyo ukwenza Alexander kwiinyanga ezimbalwa phambi kokuba imithetho eyunivesithi. Ne ikamva lo Mqulu, ababanga nandawo ngokufanayo, kwaye zenzelwe ukuba ukusungulwa okwethutyana, kodwa wasebenza ngeeprojekthi kulindeleke iinguqu ezinkulu-isikali kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo.

Public Education Utshintsho Alexander 2 kwenziwe ngenyameko ngawo futhi. uprofesa Russian wafunda indlela nohlobo lwe uqeqesho kule yunivesithi ziphambili lwaseYurophu, sabelwa le njongo. Zonke izinto zabo iinyanga kuxoxwa ngamagosa, oosonzululwazi abemi kunye aziwayo ezopolitiko. Idrafti wathunyelwa kumaziko emfundo, hayi kuphela eRashiya, kodwa kwamanye amazwe aseNtshona. ingxoxo ebanzi yabanjwa oonondaba ngesimilo kwamkelwa iinguqu Alexander 2. Imfundo, iingenelo neengozi leyo yabangela impikiswano eshushu, kodwa sele zamkelwe kwaye zaphunyezwa kwilizwe liphela. ngokusayina senzeke ngomhla we-18 Juni 1863.

Iimpawu ze-Charter of the University kunye neziphumo ukuphunyezwa kwayo

Kuba umnqweno ukuzisa inguqu enjalo neemfuno kunye umlawuli, waza wafaka ngaxeshanye, ezinye izibonelelo Charter kwakuthetha kuphela ngokwentando yesininzi yoluntu umfundi. oonjingalwazi Wendele Corporation onikwe kuzo kunye namabhunga lokuzimela kamasipala kunye namasebe, ngaloo ndlela ukubandezana abafundi ithuba lokuyila ubudlelwane zabo zomthetho, nto leyo eyenza iiyunivesithi Western. ngokutsha lemfundo Alexander 2 yasungulwa inelungelo ngenxa kumfanekiso yaseYurophu ngokufana naye, kodwa alibonakali ngathi phantse nto phezu kwabo.

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, amalungelo bakhonza iintetho abaya wayenexesha, ukufikelela kubo abangamavolontiya, umveleli loluntu lebhodi yunivesithi. Luphawu kukhuthazwa kuphela zemfundo, kodwa i icandelo lemfundo zokufundisa. Kodwa ke ukungabikho komfundi self-government, yokufika livolontiya, ngubani lula uxhasa phakathi kwinginginya akusoloko siseko volnodumskie luncedo kaninzi iba sisihlandlo zizidubedube entsha. Izizathu utshintsho ka-Alexander 2, eyayisekelwe kurhulumente kakuhle, enyanisweni, zingalungiswa, yaye oku kusebenza kuphela ngokommiselo eyunivesithi.

komhlaba esekondari

Ukwandisa uthungelwano yezikolo zikarhulumente eRashiya kwakhona akhawunti kwiminyaka 60 lwekhulu XIX. Ukongezelela iinguqu ezichaphazelekayo bume eyunivesithi, imfundo uhlaziyo Alexander 2 sichaphazele zonke ezikhoyo ngelo izikolo ixesha apho abantwana avela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. ngoku imfundo Secondary inokufumaneka kuphela kwizikolo yamandulo, kodwa kwakhona kwizikolo benene apho okukhulu wafundisa zezibalo nenzululwazi. Ezinye ababephila bakholwa ezi isikolo ucalucalulo kwinkqubo yemfundo, wadala kuphela abantu abakumgangatho ophantsi nophakathi, njengoko baye baqhuba uqeqesho ulwimi kunokuba kwindawo yokujima zoqobo. Emva koko, izikolo yokwenene abafundi ziye kwakhatywa ukufikelela kwiiyunivesithi ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi iilwimi.

Ngaba ingqalelo i-Alexander ebalulekileyo 2? iinguqu Education kurhulumente yakhe, banikwe ithuba lokufumana imfundo yamabanga ngokubonakalayo abantwana kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, yaye oko ikakhulu ngelo xesha.

imfundo yabafazi ukuya utshintsho lwe Alexander

Isimanga, kodwa kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX okokuqala sithetha malunga nokusekwa kwezikolo zikarhulumente-for girls eRashiya. Amaziko, apho ithuba ukuba ufundile iintombi, namatshawe, wabonakala kuqala ngo-Catherine 2, kodwa ke babembalwa, ethandwa kakhulu abazange asebenzise ngenxa kakuhle asekwa ngexesha imigaqo ukungalingani ngokwesini apho amabhinqa siyinto nje indima lentsapho kunye nonina kuphela.

Loo meko yentando Alexander 2 - utshintsho imfundo, leyo ingqalelo ebaluleke ngaphantsi ukupheliswa serfdom, kwandiselwa namantombazana. Okukhona ladies ukuba umba kwabasetyhini, nto leyo kuloo minyaka luya Ziyanda eluntwini, ngamandla inkxaso nje kuphela yabasetyhini - baziva ukubaluleka kwabo zikarhulumente ezifana ezininzi kwisiqingatha ngobulungisa. Ngowe-1859, phantse zonke izixeko Russian izikolo ababhinqileyo zavuleka. Bona axhasa yena uKumkanikazi Maria Alexandrovna.

Ukususela ukupheliswa serfdom uqeqesho Sasungulwa abantwana

Alexander 2 The koMlawuli wehla waya embalini njenge "I uMkhululi." Ukupheliswa serfdom, leyo kuthwalelwa phandle kuye, noko zayisithelisa Ezinye inguqu wobukumkani bakhe, baba baninzi. Ukuhlaziywa efanayo imfundo karhulumente Alexandra 2 - ayikho isizathu sokuba amnike igama "Illuminator"?

Phakathi nezazi, ukongeza imiba yabasetyhini, yaxoxa impembelelo ngesiphumo abalimi yi abaqeshisi kunye nakwizibetho zabo phambili. Ideas malunga iimfuno zombutho kwemfundo yaseprayimari ukuba Sasungulwa abantwana imbambano phantse - imfuneko yokuqeqesha iingqondo zabo karhulumente bakhanyiselwa wavuma izinikele. imizekelo emininzi zibonelelwa yingqondi uMikhail Lomonosov inzululwazi Russian, nxi leyo kumangalisa kangaka kunye ezizodwa. A intlonelo enzulu kuye, yaye waziva iinguqu Alexander 2. Imfundo kusenokwenzeka ukuba Sasungulwa abantwana abaninzi kwilizwe ulwazi. mxhasi Great lemfundo yabantu Turgenev, owoyiswayo msebenzi wakhe ukudala ikomiti nokubhala, esaye samkelwa umlawuli.

Intsingiselo yembali utshintsho kuqaliswa ebukumkanini Alexander

Ukongeza, Alexander 2 usuke serfdom, wavuma waza wasayina Imithetho ezintsha zemfundo, bachitha utshintsho imfundo epheleleyo phakathi impumelelo yakhe, kukho ezinye iinguqu ezibalulekileyo ochukumisa lonke uluntu Russian. Kwi minyaka 1862-1863 akhawunti ukwenziwa lotshintsho yolawulo izibonelelo zemali zoMbuso 1865-th - umthetho cofa. Reform - urhulumente, nezigwebo, emkhosini - kufuneka zamkelwe luluntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kufuneka ingqalelo ngabo bonke. Mayingabi izalisekisiwe nanjengoko kujongwe, kodwa enyanisweni lotshintsho nenguqulo ezintle Alexander 2 ukuze uphuhliso oluqhubekayo ilizwe kube nzima ukuqonda. Vumela abanye babo ukunika zokuhlola ezahlukeneyo namhlanje, kodwa ngaphakathi kwakunye kwi kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele eRussia xesha Alexander 2 unamandla.