Ukunyibilika - yintoni na le nto?

Chemistry - an inzululwazi umdla kwaye kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo. amagama ayo nesigama sifunda kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwaye ayisoloko enobuchwepheshe, oko kuthetha nokuba yintoni na intsingiselo yalo. Elinye la magama na ukunyibilika. Eli gama lisetyenziswa kwi kwithiyori izisombululo, kwaye kubomi bemihla ngemihla sijongene ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuba singqongwe ezi izisombululo efanayo. Kodwa kubalulekile kakhulu ukusetyenziswa ngekota, njengabo ophathekayo ukuba umele. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuqhubeka kwindawo engundoqo ye ibali lethu, leqisa phambili kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, xa Svante Arrhenius kunye UWilhelm Ostwald baqulunqe ngobhalo dissociation electrolytic.

indaba

Iqala isifundo izisombululo kunye ukunyibilika thiyori emzimbeni dissociation. Yeyona ilula ukuqonda, nangona kunjalo, ibizezamandulo kakhulu kwaye kuphela inxalenye amanqaku ungqamane nenyani. Undoqo kule mbono kukuba enyibilikayo nghena sisombululo abole abe ngamasuntswana icala ngokuba ion. Ezi amasuntswana nokujonga iimpawu imichiza yesisombululo ezinye iimpawu zayo emzimbeni, kuquka conductivity kunye abilayo, indawo yokunyibilika kunye crystallization.

Noko ke, iingcamango ezineengcamango ezinokuntsonkotha eziqwalasela inkqubo njengesisombululo, apho amasuntswana ziyasebenzisana kwaye enze ebizwa ngokuba yi-solvates - ion engqongwe dipoles. Dipole - mali zinemoletyhule cala, apho oppositely icala nezibonda. Dipole idla molecule zesinyibilikisi. Ngenye isisombululo, sisinyibiliki kwakhawuleza kwaba ion kunye dipoles bathanda i ion oppositely ityala, enye ngokunxulumene kuwo ekupheleni, kunye nezinye ion - ngokulandelelana amanye amacala oppositely ngokuphathelele ukuya ekupheleni kwayo. Ngaloo wafumana solvates kunye - molecule alekwe molecule cala.

Ngoku makhe sithethe kancinci malunga kakuhle le mibono ngokwayo, kwaye bajonge ngokusondeleyo.

theory of izisombululo

Ukwenziwa amasuntswana kungachazwa iziganeko ezininzi ayinakuchazwa ngokusebenzisa imfundiso weklasiki kwezisombululo. Umzekelo, ubushushu yokusabela lichithakale. Ngokwembono ingcamango Arrhenius, kuba kunzima ukutsho ukuba kutheni xa zokuchithwa into enye kwenye ubushushu ukuba wafunda waza wakhululwa. Ewe, kukho ukutshatyalaliswa yikristale emkhusaneni ngoko, i-eneji owenziwayo kwaye isisombululo lwalusabiwa nokuba zipholile okanye Bakhahlelwa ukubola ngenxa amandla ngaphezu neentambo imichiza. Kodwa ukuze achaze oko akunakwenzeka, kuba uhlala indlela ukusilela Akukwazi ngokwembono kwethiyori yamandulo. Ukuba theory isicelo isisombululo lwekhemikhali, kuye kucace ukuba molekyuli inyityilikiswayo kwi nemingxuma ukuverha grilles, abatshabalalise ngaphakathi kwalo, njengokuba "uthango" ion ngaphandle solvate iqokobhe.

Kwicandelo elilandelayo siza kujonga oko ukunyibilika kwaye yonke into enxulumene nalo eli xabiso ebonakala ilula kwaye ongenantandabuzo.

Ingcamango ukunyibilika

Ungaziva kucacile ukuba ukunyibilika ibonisa indlela kakuhle into ixutywe kuphela elinikiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo enyibilikayo esiyaziyo idla encinane kakhulu. Kutheni, umzekelo, itshokhwe ayikho enyibilikayo emanzini kunye netyuwa - phezu koko? Yonke mba kwi ngamandla Iimbophelelo ngaphakathi molecule. Ukuba nezibopho nomelele, kungenxa yoko, le Amasuntswana kwahlula zibe ion, ngokwenjenjalo ukutshabalalisa ngembonakalo yikristale. Ngoko ke uhlala ezingenakunyibilika.

Ukunyibilika - luphawu oluninzi ukubonisa into iqhezu enyibilikayo yimilo kwamasuntswana solvated. ixabiso layo ixhomekeka kuhlobo enyibilikayo kunye nesinyibilikisi. Ukunyibilika emanzini izinto ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke amaqhina phakathi atom kwi molecule. Substances ngemixokelelwane covalent babe ukunyibilika ephantsi kakhulu, lo gama kunye ionic - enyangweni.

Kodwa ke akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba baqonde into ixabiso ukunyibilika esikhulu yaye yintoni incinci. Ngoko ke, eli candelo lilandelayo liza kuxubusha ntoni na ukunyibilika kwezinto ezahlukeneyo emanzini.

uthelekiso

Kwindalo, kukho ezininzi i izinyibilikisi ulwelo. Okunye ayisekho ezinye izinto elinokuba zakutshanje phezu afikelele iimeko ezithile, ezifana nemeko ethile, udibaniso. Kucacile ukuba xa Qokelela ulwazi kwi ukunyibilika omnye komnye isibini ngasinye "iziyobisi onyibilikisiweyo - sijike" akwanelanga ukuba ngonaphakade, kuba ujika ngaphandle inani elikhulu ezihamba kunye. Ngoko ke, kwathi ngomhla planethi sijike jikelele kunye nomgangatho ngamanzi. Siyenze le nto kuba ixhaphake kakhulu on Earth.

Ngenxa yoko, netafile ukunyibilika amanzi amakhulu amawaka kwezinto sele yenziwe. bonke sibubonile, kodwa uhlobo elifutshane noluqondakalayo. Kwiiseli ze table ukuba sibhalwe oonobumba kokunyulwa into enyibilikayo into ezingenakunyibilika okanye emanzini kancinane. Kodwa kukho itafile ezikhethekileyo ngakumbi abo ngokunzulu uyayiqonda ukwakheka. Kukho kumqubula ixabiso kubonisiwe ukunyibilika wokwamanani xa grams selitha isisombululo nganye.

Ngoku makhe sibuyele kwithiyori into efana ukunyibilika.

ukunyibilika chemistry

Njani na inkqubo dutywa ngokwawo, sele kuchaziwe kumacandelo angaphambili. Kodwa nantsi indlela, umzekelo, ukubhala zonke ngohlobo yokusabela? Yonke le nto ilula kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, xa ezinyibilikayo basabela asidi lwenzeka hydrogen ion intsebenziswano namanzi ukwenza hydronium ion, H ₃ O ^+. Ngoko, kuba HCl indlela equation iya kuba:

HCl + H ₂ O = H ₃ O ^{+ +} Cl ^-

Ukunyibilika iityuwa, ngokuxhomekeke isakhiwo lwabo, njengoko kumiselwe awasabela yayo chemical. ifomu lokugqibela kuxhomekeka kubume ityuwa kunye imixokelelwane ngaphakathi molecule ayo.

Sibonile ukuba kurekhodwe ukuba ukunyibilika neetyuwa emanzini ngokwegrafu. Ke kaloku, ixesha lifikile ukusetyenziswa aluncedo.

isicelo

Ukuba zikho ezo meko apho eli xabiso kuyimfuneko, akwanelanga ukuba leminyaka. Ngokungathanga ngqo, ngokulisebenzisa uyakwazi ukubala amanye amaxabiso ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nokufundiswa kwayo nayiphi na isisombululo. Ngaphandle singabanga nako ukwazi xi ngqo iziyobisi, umsebenzi wayo ayikho ukwazi ukuhlola ukuba ingaba ichiza ndibaphilise okanye ukubulala umntu (nokuba amanzi ayikhuselekanga ukuhlala ezininzi).

Ukongeza kushishino yemichiza kunye neenjongo lwezenzululwazi, ukuqonda ukunyibilika kuyimfuneko kwanaxa ekhaya. Maxa wambi ayinqwenelayo ukuvelisa, bathi, isisombululo supersaturated kwento. Umzekelo, kuyimfuneko ukuba avelise ziikristale ityuwa umntwana wasekhaya. Ukwazi ukunyibilika ityuwa emanzini, kulula ukubona ukuba yimalini ekufuneka ukugcwalisa ngesitya, iqalisa kwenze kunye nefom Iikristale i ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ngaphambi kokuba uqukumbele excursion yethu emfutshane kungena chemistry, makhe sithethe iingqiqo embalwa enxulumene ukunyibilika.

Yintoni enye umdla na?

Ngokubona kwethu, ukuba sele ufikelele kweli candelo, mhlawumbi sele esazi ukuba ukunyibilika - ayikho nje amanani imichiza engaqhelekanga. Isisiseko ezinye nobungakanani. Phakathi kwabo: ukufumaneka, umsebenzi, dissociation rhoqo, pH. Kwaye oku ayilo luhlu epheleleyo. Wena ukhe weva ubuncinane elinye lala magama. Ngaphandle kolu lwazi, uhlobo sezisombululo, izifundo apho kwaqala ngokuchithwa, asinakukwazi ngqondweni chemistry mihla zemvelo. Ntoni physics? Maxa wambi physics sikwachaphazela nezicombululo, linganisa conductance zabo, baze basebenzise ezinye iimpawu zabo ukuze zilungele iimfuno zakho.

isiphelo

Kweli nqaku, siye sadibana iingqiqo yemichiza ezifana ukunyibilika. Kumele ukuba ingcaciso kakhulu luncedo, njengoko uninzi lwethu abayazi kakuhle enzulu theory kwezisombululo, ngokuba akukho umnqweno ukuba ndibhaptize ngokwabo ngokweenkcukacha kwisifundo yayo. Xa kunjalo kuluncedo kakhulu ukuba uqeqeshe ingqondo yakho, into entsha ukufunda. Emva ebomini umntu umele 'ukufunda, zokufunda ukufunda kwakhona. "