I eliNgesi, ngubani wazibeka iziseko ebulala. ebulala History

Sidla usiva igama elithi yonyango "kubola". A lot of kuwo ekhemesti, kwaye zifuneka. Kodwa yintoni na? Kutheni isicelo? Yintoni le nkqubo ibandakanya? Ngubani na indoda eya kuthi ihlabathi unetyala indalo yayo? Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela indlela la machiza aba, izinto nokuba kutheni zifuneka.

ebulala

Kukho inkqubo yonke amanyathelo ngenxa yokwaphuka isilonda, ancedisana amalungu, kwaye emzimbeni yabantu iintsholongwane eziyingozi ngokubanzi ezinokubangela ukudumba maziko. Loo nkqubo kuthiwa magciwane, leyo yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "ezibolayo". Igama elithi livele kuqala ugqirha British D. Pingle ngo-1750. Noko ke, Pingle - hayi eliNgesi, lowo wabeka iziseko ebulala, wena ucinga. Wachaza nje isiphumo iintsholongwane ze umkhwinini, waza wasinika ligama eliqhelekileyo.

Kakade igama elinye uyakwazi ukuqonda ukusebenza kwezi mali. Ngoko ebulala - iziyobisi xa izilonda ezahlukeneyo ancedisana amalungu ukuthintela ityhefu kwegazi. Ngamnye kuthi eziqhelekileyo ukususela ebuntwaneni kunye eyona ilula kuzo - i-ayodini kunye green nobuhlakani. Kwaye omdala, isetyenziswe kwangethuba kangangoko ngexesha noHippocrates, baba neviniga kunye notywala. Amaxesha amaninzi, ingcamango "kubola 'edidekile nomnye kwikota -". zintsholongwane " Kokuba babe spectrum ezibanzi inyathelo, kuba zibandakanya zonke izinto iintsholongwane, kuquka izibulali.

amayeza esintu

Kukho into enje njengendlela yemvelo kubola. Ngako oko, njengokuba igama lixela, into leyo ebingaqhelanga ukwnziwa yi umntu nendalo ngokwayo. Umzekelo - ijusi izityalo ezifana Aloe okanye luncedo ukhohlokhohlo itswele kunye nekonofile.

ebulala abaninzi ezenziwe ngezinto zendalo. Le iti ezahlukeneyo esintu, eziquka eSt kaYohane Wort, yarrow okanye umyalezo. Oku kuquka isepha tar ingenzekiyo, nto leyo yenziweyo kwisiseko ezinde tar kunye tincture "Evkalimin", nto leyo sisicatshulwa of zomgamtriya.

Impumelelo elikhulu Medicine

Ukuvela ebulala kutyando kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu (zomzimba, kwafunyanwa igazi) wazisa kule ndawo amayeza ukuya kwinqanaba entsha lonke. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uninzi oogqirha babesoyika ukuya imisebenzi eyingozi, apho kulandele ukuvulwa ancedisana omzimba womntu. Zizo ezo okwetyeli lokugqibela xa nto enye kungekho ngaphezulu. Ayimangalisi loo nto, kuba manani ibidanisa. Phantse likhulu ekhulwini zonke izigulane kufa phezu kwetafile yokusebenza. Nonobangela zonke izifo baba yotyando.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1874, uNjingalwazi aphumela wathi oogqirha baya kusoloko iindawo wefilosofi umzimba ezifana kwisisu kwaye cranial kunye Isifuba. Kuphela imbonakalo ebulala ukuyilungisa.

amanyathelo okuqala

ebulala Imbali yaqala kumaxesha amandulo. inokufumaneka wakukhankanya ukusetyenziswa kwazo bebhala amagqirha amandulo aseYiputa nangesiRoma. Nangona kunjalo, akukho kwezesayensi zange kodwa ayikho. Kuphela ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba yaba magciwane ngenjongo nokuvakalayo isetyenziswa na into ukuthintela inkqubo ukubola.

Nangona oogqirha baye benza imisebenzi emininzi ngempumelelo. Noko ke, iingxaki ezinkulu kuqhubeka ezinokuvela unyango amanxeba. Nkqu imisebenzi elula lunokubulala. Ukuba ukhangela manani, zonke isigulane yesithandathu wafa emva okanye ngexesha utyando.

isiqalo enokwehla

ebulala Base wabeka Hungarian obstetrician Ignats Zemmelveys - UNjingalwazi le Budapest Medical University. Kwiminyaka 1846-1849 wasebenza nokubeleka ekliniki ogama Klein, elise eVienna. Apho yabhekisela manani ekufeni engaqhelekanga. Isebe, leyo ukuba abafundi abaye bafa ngaphezu kwama-30% abasetyhini ekumitheni, yaye iindawo apho abafundi abazange hamba, le pesenti yayimi asezantsi kakhulu. Emva kophando, wafumanisa ukuba unobangela fever puerperal, esibulala isigulane, waba ngezandla ezimdaka kwabafundi, lowo phambi kokubhalisa isebe yokubelekisa abandakanyeke zomzimba cadaver. Kulo mzekelo, uGqr Ignats Zemmelveys ngelo xesha wayengazi malunga iintsholongwane kunye nendima yabo ukubola. Ukuba wenza loo ezifunyaniswe, waba indlela yokukhusela - oogqirha phambi kotyando kwakufuneka bahlambe izandla zabo kunye nesisombululo bleach. Kwaye basebenza: izehlo yokufa ewadini kubeleka kunyaka 1847 yaba% 1-3 kuphela. Oko kwaba ngathi kukulavuza. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha ubomi uNjingalwazi Ignatsa Zemmelveysa Wavuleka ke ndingenalo zamkelwe iingcali eziphambili Western yaseYurophu kwinkalo zuza kunye nokubeleka.

I eliNgesi, ngubani wazibeka iziseko ebulala

Lahamba ukuxhasa ingcamango ebulala kuphela kwenzeka emva kokupapashwa imisebenzi lukaGqirha Louis Pasteur. Yaba nguye owathi ngo-1863 lwabonisa ukuba iinkqubo ukubola kwamazinyo zizinto iintsholongwane.

Kuba utyando kule ndawo sele isikhanyiso Dzhozef Lister. Ngowe-1865, waqala wathi: "Akukho nto ingathotyelwanga decontaminated, akazukuyibamba inxeba." It Lister ndicinge indlela usebenzisa iindlela imichiza lokujongana usulelo inxeba. Inkulumo iqhiya odumileyo zifakwe carbolic acid. Hi ndlela leyi, ngowe-1670, le acid njenge arhente yokubulala isicelo unale Lemaire ukusuka eFransi.

Le njingalwazi wagqiba ukuba amanxeba iyabhiqiza kungenxa yokuba ezi ntsholongwane ukufumana. Yena kuqala wanikela isiseko yenzululwazi kwizinto ezenzeka losulelo ngotyando, yenyuka kunye neendlela ukujongana nayo. Ngoko ke, eGeorge. Lister yaziwa lonke ngokuba eliNgesi, lowo wabeka iziseko ebulala.

indlela Lister kaThixo

J .. Lister wasungula indlela yabo ukukhusela kwiintsholongwane. Kwakugcwele zilandelayo. Le magciwane eliyinhloko carbolic acid (2-5% zolwelo, olunamafutha okanye isisombululo ezinxilisayo). Ngoncedo ngezisombululo ukuphelisa eziphilayo inxeba ngokwayo, kwakunye ukusingatha yonke ukunxibelelana izifundo zakhe. Ngenxa yoko, oogqirha uyithambise izandla, Cutting Izixhobo, zokubopha kunye sutures, lonke igumbi yokusebenza. Lister kwakhona wacebisa njenge suture ukusebenzisa zokuthunga kubola, leyo propathi ukunyibilika. Lister libaluleke kakhulu apha emoyeni kwigumbi utyando. Wayecinga ukuba umthombo ngqo zeentsholongwane. Ngoko ke, lo igumbi kananjalo iphathwa kunye acid carboxylic usebenzisa isitshizi okhethekileyo.

Emva kokuba hlelo inxeba sutured wayisithelisa ngokubopha eliquka kwiiseli ezininzi. Oku kwakhona Lister njengeyabo. Walisusa akazange kudlula umoya, yaye umaleko yayo ezantsi, equka isilika, buzane amahlanu ekhulwini carbolic acid, into onentlaka ihlanjululwa. Ngaphezu koko wabeka Imigangatho esibhozo rosin ngayo, iparafini kunye carbolic acid. Ke yonke ilaphu oyile wayifulela amabhandeji iqhiya ecocekileyo buzane carbolic acid.

Ngale ndlela inani lokufa ngexesha lomsebenzi lancipha kakhulu. Lister inqaku ebalisa yokuphatha kakuhle njani kwaye iintsholongwane kwizaphuko kunye nezilonda, yapapashwa ngowe-1867. Wajika lonke ihlabathi. Yaba idabi ngokwenene kwisayensi kunye namayeza. Kwaye ke umbhali zibonakale kuyo kwihlabathi eliNgesi, ngubani wazibeka iziseko ebulala.

abaphikisi

indlela Lister uye wasebenzisa ngokubanzi kwaye wafumana inani elikhulu sabaxhasi. Noko ke, kwakukho abo bangazange bungayelelani izigqibo zakhe. Inkoliso iqela zathi Lister ekhethiweyo carbolic acid - asihambelani kweentsholongwane kubola. Ukwakhiwa kwale medium iqulethe lunezinto ilifa ukusebenza ngamandla esahlala. Oku kubangele ukwenzakala njengoko esikule yomguli kunye izandla ngoogqirha. Ngaphezu koko, carbolic acid ilifa iipropati ezinetyhefu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ugqirha eyaziwa Russian UNikolai Pirogov Kweza ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo ingxaki phambi Dzhozefa Listera. Xa indlela yonyango lwe-ntsholongwane eziphambili zezi iblitshi, camphor utywala kunye nitrate yesilivere, leyo ayinabungozi ngaphezu carbolic acid eliNgesi ecetywayo. Nangona kunjalo Pirogov akazange adale iimfundiso zakhe ekusetyenzisweni ebulala, nangona sekusondele kakhulu.

Aseptic phambi kokuba

Emva kwexesha elithile yenziwe indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo aqhubana ngayo usuleleko ngotyando - aseptic. Wangqengqa ke yinto yokuba akukho iintsholongwane inxeba ngoko nangoko kwaye musa ukudibanisa usulelo yakhe. Le ndlela ndisebuthathaka ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa kubola, oogqirha abaninzi baye babizwa ukuba ulahliwe epheleleyo yophuhliso Lister kaThixo. Noko ke, ubomi ubeka yonke into ngendlela yayo.

Chemistry njenge inzululwazi na ukuma. Kukho ebulala amatsha amayeza, eziye indawo carbolic acid ityhefu. Baba lithambile yaye oxolelayo. Kwabakho imfuneko engxamisekileyo isixhobo esinamandla aokusetyenziswa decontaminated ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala lisaphila. amalungiselelo abadala yokubolisa kubola nako ukumelana nakujoliso olutsha kakhulu esosulelayo. Ngoko ke, siza kwimichiza kuqala.

Zonke izinto ezintsha kunye ezintsha

Xa banesifo lwekhulu yokugqibela, ihlabathi unalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu entsha kubola. Yaba iziyobisi sulfanilamide ukuba zokuthintela ukucinezela ukukhula iintsholongwane emzimbeni womntu. Iipilisi babanjwe nokusebenza kumaqela athile ezincinane.

Kule novalo, zintsholongwane yokuqala behlabathi yadalwa. Nge imbonakalo yakhe ukuba oogqirha wavula lee ngokupheleleyo kweli ithuba. Eyona nkalo iphambili ye-zintsholongwane na isiphumo ukuvumbulula iintsholongwane kunye namancikane eziphilayo. Phantse zonke ebulala mihla ngamalungu eli qela. Kwakubonakala ukuba amalungiselelo engcono nje ngeke. Noko ke, kamva wajika ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo antibiotics ebangela uhlobo sifo e Cya, kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga awuthunyelwanga irhoxisiwe.

A imveliso ekhethekileyo

inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye medical na ukuma. Kwaye ihlabathi eva ethile kwindawo yee- kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini njengoko "Miramistin". Ekuqaleni oku kwakusenzelwa ukuba magciwane, oosomajukujuku zintsholongwane ulusu ukuya kwisikhululo emajukujukwini. Kodwa ke wavuma ukuba ukusetyenziswa kabanzi.

Yintoni na ezahlukeneyo ukuze? Okokuqala, ichiza ikhuselekile ngokupheleleyo kwaye non-ityhefu. Okwesibini, akukho ukungena inwebu yangaphakathi nesikhumba kwaye akukho iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Okwesithathu, loo nto sineenjongo ezingatshabalalisa uluhlu enkulu kwamagciwane: nomngundo, iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane lenyama. Ukongeza, osemqoka yayo Ayikho indlela yokusebenza kwi eziphilayo. Ngokungafaniyo antibiotics ukulungiselela isizukulwana esitsha ongavelisi ukuxhathisa xa iintsholongwane. Medicament "Miramistin" lisetyenziswa nje kuphela unyango losulelo, kodwa ngenxa nokuthintela kwabo. Ngoko ke namhlanje, iimveliso unique, ukulungiselela uphuhliso kwendawo ekhoyo sonke.