Ukuguqulwa kweNikon

Ngenkulungwane ye-18, inkululeko yenkolo kunye nentlalo yabantu baseRussia, ababizwa ngokuba ngabaKrestu abakhulileyo, okanye ukwahlukana. Isizathu salo kwakuyizinguquko zikaNikon, uMphathiswa omkhulu waseMoscow, apho waqala khona ngo-1653 ukuqinisa ibandla. Isitshixo sabo sibilisiwe ukuba sihlangane nenkqubo yezobugcisa kulo lonke ilizwe. Okokuqala, ukuphunyezwa kokuguqulwa kweNikon kwacwangciswa ukuba kuphunyezwe ngokugqithisa konke ukungafani kwindlela yokuziphatha. Kwakufuneka kwakhona ukuphelisa ixesha lokungafani kwiincwadi ezazisetyenziswa ekusebenzeni inkonzo kaThixo. Kwakhona kwakukho inzondelelo yokholo, ephethwe ngu-Protopop Avvakum noDaniel, ababekholelwa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwecawa ye-Patriarch Nikon kufuneka kusekelwe kwimibhalo yakudala yaseRussia. Ukhokho-ntaphanzi wagxininisa ekulandeleni imizekelo eyamukelwa eGrisi. Ngokombono wakhe, isinyathelo esinjalo sifanele sikhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke iicawa zaseOthodoki zaseAsia naseYurophu phantsi komgaqo weMoscow.

Ukuguqulwa kweNikon kwaxhasa ukumkani ngokwakhe. Oku kuchaza ukunyamezela koobukhokho kunye nentembelo yakhe kwizenzo zakhe. Ngokukhawuleza wamisela iBhunga labo bonke ababhishophu bomhlaba waseRashiya, apho baqaphela ukuba kuyimfuneko yokulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kweemfundiso kunye neencwadi zonqulo. Idibano yesibini, leyo, ngaphezu kweengcwele zaseRashiya, nayo yayiya kwiiNtaphantsi zaseSerbia nase-Antiyokiya, yabanjwa ngo-1656. Kulo, iincwadi ezichanekileyo zivunyiwe ngokupheleleyo. Iicawa zacelwa ukuba zizisebenzise ekukhulekeleni, kwaye zitshise ezo zangaphambili.

Amanyathelo okuqala ayenziwe ngo-1653. Emva koko zonke iicawa zacelwa ukuba zenze ezinye izitshintsho malunga neengaphetha, ukufakwa kwesiphambano. Indlu yokunyathelisa yaqalisa ukupapasha iincwadi kwiimodeli ezintsha. Abakhuseli bezithethe zangaphambili babhengezwa ukuba baxhamli kwaye bathengiswa.

Utshintsho lweziganeko ezithile zeSimboli seCredit zenzeke emva kokuba zihlolwe ngesifaniselo esamkelwe kwiicawa zaseGrike. Kodwa ukuguqulwa kwengcamango yeNkon wenqaba ukwamukela ngokubanzi. Kwaye, oku kuthetha ukunikela ukholo lweenkohlo, izithethe ezazigcinwa ngeenkulungwane. Ukulungiswa kwakucatshulwa ngabaKrestu baseKhulile njengemzamo yento engabonakaliyo, engcwele. Abalandeli baka Nikon, ngokuchaseneyo, babekholelwa ukuba oku kuguqulwa kuya kunceda ibandla libe livela kwiinkathazo ezaziphuza. Le ntshukumo yayishukumisekile kwezopolitiko. Inxaxheba yaseRashiya njengokuba i-heyress yaseByzantium kunye nomkhuseli wazo onke amakholwa aseOthodoki ayengenakwenzeka ukuba akahambisani neencwadi zakhe kunye namasiko kunye nalawo amkelwe kwamanye amaOthodox.

Ekugqibeleni, abantu baseNiconi bazimisela ngokuchanekileyo kwendlela yabo ekhethiweyo emva kokuhlanganiswa kunye neRashiya encinane.

Inkcazo yecawa kunye nemiphumo yayo yayinomntu ongalindelekanga kunokuba u-patriarch kunye nabalandeli bakhe babalwa. Inkcaso yokuguqulwa kwamashishini yayininzi. AbaKrestu abakhulileyo babengenakunyaniseka kwiimfundiso zabo. Batsholwa ngabantu baseNikoni ngokumemezela ukuba lowo owayengumntu oyinyaniso, ngoko kubuza ukuchaneka kokulungiswa kweengcwele zaseRashiya kunye nezigqibo ezithathwe kwi -Cathedral yaseStoglav, oko kukuthi, konke kwakukho isiseko sokholo.

Enyanisweni, ingquzulwano ibangelwe kuphela ngokuguqulwa koobukhokho. Iingxaki ezithintekayo kunye nentlalo. Amakholwa amakhulu ayenenkxalabo yokuwa kwegunya lecawa, edibene nenyaniso yokuba i-tsar yaqalisa ukudlala indima ye-vicegerent kaThixo emhlabeni, yaqala ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuxazululeni le micimbi eyayisakuba nekhono lobufundisi kuphela. Batsholwa abatsha, abafundisi abangenalwazi kuba bambala abantu, bacinezele baze basuse kubo.

Ngokwahlukana, akukho ngaphantsi kweyesithathu kubemi belizwe esele. Kwaye emva kweBhunga, ebanjwe ngo-1666-1667, isigqibo ekuthunjweni nasekubulaweni kwabamelene nezohlengahlengiso, yafumana ubunzima bomntu. Naphezu kokunyanzeliswa okwenziwa ngabaphathi, emva kokuvukela kukaStreltsy ngo-1682, inani lamakholwa amakhulu lakhula. Endaweni yokomeleza uluntu, imbambano entsha yayiphuza. UNicon wayicombulula lo mbandela ngokumthintela isikhundla sakhe aze athumele iinkokheli zokutshatyalaliswa ekuthunjweni.

Kodwa kungekudala u-patriarch ngokwakhe wahlupheka. Intshontsho yenkwenkwe yonakalisa ubuhlobo bakhe nookumkani. Ngo-1658, uNikon wayevalela ngokuzithandela e-Monastery, kwaye emva kweminyaka elinesibhozo, ityala lenzeke phezu kwakhe, apho inzalamizi yayinqatshelwe isikhundla sakhe kwaye yathunyelwa kwi-monastery yaseB Belozersky ukuguquka.

Kwaye, nangona kunjalo, imbangela yabasemagunyeni bexesha elidlulileyo ayengakhange ihlahle nangona emva kwe-opal yenguqu enkulu. ElioBhunga elifanayo, eligweba uNicon, ligxeke kwaye lifilosofizi, libiza ngokuba lihlazo kunye nokungaxilisi.