Iindawo ezikhethekileyo zoqoqosho zaseRashiya: inkcazelo

Ukuba uqoqosho loorhulumente luyeka ukufunwa kwaye aluyikuthintela ngokupheleleyo abatyali-mali bamanye amazwe, enye yeendlela eziphuma kule meko yimihlaba ekhethekileyo ehlelwe kwintsimi yelizwe. Kwisakhelo sale mimandla eyahlukeneyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqhutywe ngokukodwa ezahlukeneyo zoshishino, utsalo-mali, i-tax and policy.

Ziziphi iindawo ezikhethekileyo zoqoqosho zaseRashiya? Kutheni zidalwe? Yintoni ekhangayo kwiindawo ezinjalo kubatyalomali kunye nantoni na inzuzo? Sizakuzama ukuphendula le mibuzo neminye kwisikhokelo sale nqaku.

Iindawo ezikhethekileyo

Ngokuqinisekileyo, iindlela ezintle zokudala loo mihlaba zingamazwe aseYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, iRashiya nayo inamandla kakhulu kule ndawo. Kuza kube namhlanje, ii-SEZ ezingaphezu kweebini zibhaliswe kwintsimi yeli lizwe. Iindawo ezikhethekileyo zezoqoqosho zaseRashiya ziyahlukana zibe ziindidi ezininzi:

• Zoshishino;
• U khenketho;
• Logistic;
• Bugcisa.

Emva kancinane siza kuthetha ngokubanzi malunga neentlobo ze-SEZ. Ngoku masithethe ngeendawo zabo. Iindawo ezikhethekileyo zoqoqosho zaseRashiya ziquka indawo eKarachaevo-Cherkessia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, naseDagestan. Oku kuquka indawo yeKaliningrad. I-newly created ingaba yi-peninsula yaseCrimea.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko

Kulo mmandla, igama elide linokudideka. Makhe sijonge kuyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo uye wakuva ngokuphindaphindiweyo amazwi anjalo:

• Uluhlu olukhethekileyo kwezoqoqosho;
• Inkululeko yentlalo yommandla;
• Indawo yokurhweba yamahhala ;
• Indawo ekhethekileyo yoqoqosho.

Sinokukuqonda njani oko bathethayo? Akukho nto ilukhuni apha. Zonke ezi ngasentla zinamagama ahlukeneyo kwinto enye. Ukungabikho apha kunokubekwa ngaphandle kweyorhwebo yorhwebo. Le ngcamango ithetha intsimi ekhululekile, kodwa incinci kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, indawo yokurhweba yamahhala yintsimi ehlukeneyo yolwandle olwandle okanye iindawo zokungenisa umoya, apho kungekho ntlawulo yemveli. Umzekelo weklastiki yiNkundla yamaHlabathi.

Iinjongo kunye neemeko zokudalwa kwe-SEZ

Imimandla ekhethekileyo yoqoqosho yaseRashiya yimihlaba yonke (imimandla, imimandla, iiphabliki) eneendawo ezikhethekileyo zomthetho. Kukho iimeko zabo zoqoqosho ezikhethiweyo. Njengomthetho, zincedisa kakhulu kubarhwebi basemakhaya nabangaphandle. Zonke izinto ezisemthethweni ezenza imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kwimimandla ye-SEZ zibizwa ngokuba ngabemi bayo.

Ukudala i-SEZ, kufuneka ube neemeko ezithile:

• Indawo efanelekileyo yendawo leyo;
• Ukufumaneka kweendawo zamahhala zophuhliso;
• Izibonelelo eziphuhlisiweyo;
• Ukutsalana kwezibonelelo zabasebenzi abaneemfundo ezifanelekileyo;
• Ubuchule bokuphuhlisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanye amazwe nakwamanye amazwe;
• Ubukho beentlobo zentsebenzo ezenziwe ngaphambili.

Kutheni kufuneka imimandla ekhethekileyo

Zonke iindawo ezikhethekileyo zoqoqosho zaseRashiya zibizwa ukuba zijongane nemida yokucwangcisa imisebenzi. Ukudalwa kwemimandla enjalo kunceda ekuphuhlisweni kwelizwe lonke, kunye nokuphucula ubomi kwimimandla yazo. Ngombutho we-SEZ, urhulumente ulungisa iingxaki ezinjalo:

• Ukudala kwenani elikhulu lemisebenzi emitsha kubemi abanobuchule obaneleyo;
• Ukutsalana kweenkunzi zangaphandle kwilizwe;
• Ukukhuthaza abavelisi basekhaya ukuba batyalole kwezobuchwephesha obuphezulu, imveliso, izibonelelo;
• Ukugcinwa kobuchule beengqondo kweli lizwe;
• Uphuhliso kunye nenkxaso yomvelisi wasekhaya.

Abahlali abathathe inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni imimandla ekhethekileyo kwezoqoqosho nabo baneenzuzo zabo:

• Sebenzisa iirhafu ezikhethiweyo zokunciphisa iindleko zokulawula nokuvelisa;
• Ukugcina kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ixabiso lokuqeshisa kunye nezinye iintlawulo, ukudala umveliso okhuphisanayo;
• Unethuba lokutsala abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe;
• Ukwandisa ingeniso yabo ngokunciphisa iindleko zabo.

Ukongezelela, urhulumente wakhela iziseko kwi-SEZ ngokuqhelekileyo ngeendleko zayo. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo kubantu.

Iyintoni intsingiselo ye-SEZ?

Njengoko sele uqondayo, yonke indawo ekhethekileyo yoqoqosho yaseRashiya (uluhlu lwabo lukhulu kakhulu) lunceda ukuphuhlisa okanye ukuphuhlisa imimandla emitsha namashishini. Ulawulo olukhethekileyo lusetyenziselwa abo basomashishini ngenjongo yokuba banokuphinda bahlaziywe ngokutsha ngokutsha phantsi kweemeko ezintsha. Umzekelo weklasi yiCrimea. Le yintsimi esitsha ngokupheleleyo, yonke ishishini ekuye yatshintshelwe kwimithetho yase-Ukraine. Ngoku oosomashishini badinga ixesha kunye nezikhuthazo zokumlungisa. Ngoko ke, urhulumente uyanciphisa irhafu, yenza lula inkqubo yenkqubo yamasiko, iguqule inkqubo yomshuwalense kwaye yenza lula ukubhaliswa. Into efanayo yenzeka kwezinye iindawo.

Izinzuzo

Kubahlali be-SEZ kukho imeko ekhethekileyo yoqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, ezi zi:

• Amalungelo kwiindawo zokurhweba - ukungabikho kwemisebenzi yokungenisa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye izixhobo ezingenanto, ukuba ziyimfuneko yokuveliswa kwemveliso yokugqibela, kwaye ingabi yisela kwakhona;
• Inzuzo yokutshala imali kunye nekhefu zerhafu - ukunciphisa irhafu yentlawulo okanye ukungabikho kwazo ngokupheleleyo, ukulawula okutshintshiselwano;
• Imiqathango emincinci okanye ubunqongophala babo bonke ubunini bempahla yokuveliswa kwabangaphandle;
• Imigangatho elula yokusebenza kwezixhobo zokusebenza, umvuzo, imiba yokhuseleko kunye njalo;
• Izakhiwo ezingenakunqwenelekayo kunye neziqhamo zomhlaba-ithuba lokuxhobisa iimpahla kunye neendawo zokuvelisa ngokwexabiso elincinci lokuqashisa;
• Iinkonzo ezingenakufikeleleka kwaye ezinokuhlawulekayo kunye neziseko-inkxaso-mali zoncedo, igesi engancinci, amanzi, umbane, iindlela ezilungisiweyo, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zothutho;
• Imilinganiselo eyancitshiswayo yokungcola kokusingqongileyo, ukukhuselwa kwayo;
• Ukufumaneka kwenani elikhulu labasebenzi abancinci, ukungabikho kwemanyano yabasebenzi kunye neminye imibutho yabasebenzi;
• Vula ukufikelela kwiimarike-zangaphakathi nangaphandle;
• Ukungabikho kwemali yengeniso yexesha elide;
• Ukukhutshwa kwenkqubo yenkcubeko ngokuthe ngqo kwintsimi yoshishino okanye ukukhawuleza ukufumana iimvume, njl njl.

Iintlobo zemimandla ekhethekileyo kwezoqoqosho

Njengoko sele sithethile, yonke imimandla eneemeko zoqoqosho ezikhethekileyo ingahlulwa ngokwemiqathango enjalo:

• I-industrial - production - ibonisa ubunzima obukhulu, igxile kwimveliso yenani elikhulu leqela elithile lempahla;
• Iindawo zokurhweba zamahhala - iindawo ezingawa phantsi kolawulo lweenkonzo zetyala; Kwiindawo ezinjalo, kungekhona nje ukuthengiswa kwemveliso eyenziwa, kodwa nokugcinwa kwayo, ukuvavanya, ukupakishwa nokunye okunjalo;
• Ukutyelela - indawo kunye nekhenketho eliphuhlisayo lokukhenketho, apho kukho iimeko ezizodwa zoshishino;
• IiNkonzo - imimandla ekuthunyelwa kuyo-ukungeniswa kunye nemisebenzi yezemali eyenziwa, eyenziwa ngemimiselo ekhethekileyo; Umzekelo weklastiki kummandla we-offshore;
• Isayensi nezobuchwephesha, ubuchwephesha obunokutsha - ipaki ye-techno, indawo apho uphuhliso olukhethekileyo kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi lwenziwa kule ndawo okanye kuloo ndawo yolawulo.

"Alabuga"

Ngoku makhe sijonge ngakumbi kwii-SEZ zaseRussia. Masiqale, mhlawumbi, nge-SEZ PPT "Alabuga". Lo mmandla-mveliso wezoshishino usePhabliki yaseTatarstan, kufuphi nomzi waseYelabuga, kwi-25 km ukusuka eNaberezhnye Chelny.

Ubuchule apha apha buhluke kakhulu:

• Ukuveliswa kweebhasi kunye nezixhobo zeemoto;
• Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zombane;
• Imveliso yonyango;
• Imveliso yefenitshala;
• Ukuveliswa kwemveliso yamakhemikhali;
• Ukwakhiwa kwezithuthi.

Kule ntsimi 42 abahlali bayabhaliswa, kwaye abantu abangaphezu kwe-4,5 baqeshwe. Indawo yommandla iikhilomitha ezili-20 zeekhilomitha.

Ukuze ube ngumhlali weli qhinga, kufuneka:

• Bhalisa inkampani yakho kwintsimi yomasipala wase-Elabuga;
• Ukutyikitya isivumelwano kunye nolawulo lwe-SEZ, ngokuzibophelela ukutyalomali kwiimali zayo utyalo-mali okungenani i-million yezigidi ze-euro ngonyaka wokuqala kunye notyalo-mali olupheleleyo kwixesha elipheleleyo lekhonkonti-engekho ngaphantsi kwezigidi eziyi-10 zama-euro.

Oosomashishini abaye baba ngabemi beendawo zoqoqosho "i-Alabuga" banokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezikhethiweyo:

• Ummandla wesithethe samahhala apho izixhobo zangaphandle zingafakwa ngaphandle kokuhlawula i-VAT kunye nemisebenzi yamasiko;
• Ukungabikho komsebenzi wokuthumela ngaphandle ukuthumela izinto ezivelisiweyo;
• Ukugqitywa ngokupheleleyo ekumiselweni kwezothutho, irhafu yomhlaba kunye nezinye iintlawulo kwibhajethi yeRiphablikhi;
• Ingeniso yerhafu yengeniso kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala i-2% kuphela, isicwangciso sesibini seminyaka emihlanu si-7%, ke, ukuya ku-2055, i-15.5%;
• Iziqhamo zomhlaba ngexabiso elifanelekileyo kakhulu, ukufikelela mahhala kumsebenzi, umbane, igesi, ukushisa, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi okuhambisa amanzi kummandla wecebo;
• Ukuxolelwa kwerhafu yepropati kunye nezinye izinto ezithandayo.

SEZ "Dubna"

Le ngingqi ye-teknoloji entsha, eyasungulwa ngo-2005 ngokusekelwe kwisigqibo se-RF sikaRhulumente No. 781.

Intsimi ye-SEZ "iDubna" ineendawo ezingama-hekta ezingama-200 kwaye ihlulwe ngamacandelo amathathu:

• Idolophu yeeprogram;
• Isicwangciso se-nanotechnologies;
• Indawo yesayensi yezinto zenyukliya.

Iindawo eziphambili ze-SEZ zi:

• Uyilo lweenkqubo zobugcisa eziyinkimbinkimbi;
• Biotechnology;
• Ubuchwephesha bezobugcisa bezobugcisa
• Teknoloji yoLwazi;
• Izinto ezidibeneyo ;
• I-physics ye-nyukliya kunye ne-nanotechnology.

Abahlali balo mmandla bangaba mibutho ye-IP kunye nentengiso. Okukuphela kwendawo yamashishini angamanyeneyo kunye namafama angaphandle. Ukuba ngumhlali we-SEZ "Dubna", kufuneka ubhalise ishishini kummandla kamasipala kwaye wenze isivumelwano kunye namaziko olawulo ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi emitsha.

Abemi beli candelo loqoqosho olukhethekileyo banokuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezilungelelanisiweyo kwintsimi yerhafu kunye nezinye iintlobo zenkxaso. Iintlawulo zerhafu zingaba:

• Ukungabikho kwe-VAT xa kuthengisa impahla ngaphandle;
• Inqanaba le-Zero yerhafu yengeniso, ihlawulwe kwisabelomali sesigqeba phambi komhla woku-01/01/2018;
• 13.5% - irhafu yengeniso ukuba inikwe uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali;
• I-14% - iintlawulo kwiimali-mali ezingabikho-mali;
• 0% - izinga lentlawulo yomhlaba kwixesha eli-5 leminyaka, irhafu yerhafu iminyaka eyi-10, irhafu yezothutho iminyaka emi-5.

Abahlali banelungelo lokufumana ezinye izinto:

• Ukuqeshiswa okukhethiweyo kwezakhiwo kunye neziqhelo zomhlaba;
• Ukuqhagamshela mahala kwiinkonzo zobunjineli kunye noqhagamshelwano
• Ukuqhutywa ngokukhawuleza kwamaxwebhu eengcambu zomhlaba;
• Ummandla wezithethe zamahhala;
• Iinkqubo zokusasaza kwedatha.

Kwakhona, abahlali banikezelwa imiqathango yendawo yamasiko ehlawulelwayo, phantsi kwayo umsebenzi wokungenisa iimpahla zangaphandle kunye ne-VAT ayihlawulwa xa kuthengiswa isiRashiya.

"Intlambo yaseAltai"

SEZ TRT "Intaba yaseAltai" yindawo yokutyelela kunye nokuzonwabisa. Yayisungulwa ngoFebruwari 2007 ngesiseko seSigqibo sikaRhulumente weRussia Federation No. 67. Ilungiselelo elinelungelo elixhomekeke kwiminyaka engama-49.

Lo mmandla u-12 km ukusuka kwisixeko saseGorno-Altaisk, kwisiko seRiphabliki yaseAltai. Apha, malunga nabantu abayi-2 500 banikwe imisebenzi emitsha. Intsimi inika amathuba ayingqalileyo kubahlali bayo. Ukusebenzisana kusekelwe kwimigaqo yoluntu kunye nolwabambiswano. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukudalwa kwazo zonke izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kuxhaswa ngemali kwisabelo-mali, kwaye ukuveliswa kweendawo zokuvakasha kuyisabelo sotyalo-mali.

Urhulumente uyaqinisekisa ukuba iingeniso ezibalulekileyo zolawulo:

• Ukungabikho kokuphazamiseka ekuphunyezweni kweeprojekthi zophuhliso;
• Ifomathi elula yokuhlola;
• Imodi ye window enye;
• Ukubhaliswa kokuqeshiswa kweziqhamo zomhlaba ngesimo somthetho esisemthethweni.

Abatyalomali nabo balindele iintlawulo zerhafu:

• 0% - izinga lentlawulo kwipropati, kunye nerhafu yomhlaba iminyaka emi-5;
• Intlawulo yokuqeshiswa kweziqhamo zomhlaba - ayikho ngaphezu kwe-2% yexabiso layo le-cadastral;
• Ukunciphisa intlawulo yerhafu yokuthutha;
• Ukunciphisa irhafu yengeniso kwi-15.5%.

"ITurquoise Katun"

I-SEZ TRT "iTurquoise Katun" - enye indawo yokuzonwabisa kunye nezokhenketho. Inendawo enkulu kunazo zonke kuzo zonke iihektare ezingama-3326 ezikhoyo. "I-Turquoise Katun" ifakwe njengendawo yokuqala kunye neyona ndawo enkulu kunokhenketho yeentaba kunye nokugqithiseleyo kweentaba, zahlula zibe zimbini. Iyokuqala ngabantu abatsha. Kukho amaziko ase-alpine skiers, abakhwela ama-rock-climbers, abaqhankqalazi, abaculi, ihotele yolutsha kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezichitshiweyo. Okwesibini - kubakhenkethi abacebileyo. Kukho iihotele ezikhululekile kunye nezindleko kunye nezinye izibonelelo.

Lo mmandla wezoqoqosho, eqinisweni, uqala nje ukuphuhliswa kwayo, kodwa sele sele unenani elithile labatyalomali elungele ukutyalo imali kwimigomo ekhangayo. Emva koko, abahlali bafumana uncedo kunye nokukhetha.

"ITitanium Valley"

I-SEZ "iTitan Valley", eyadalwa kwisithili saseSverdlovsk, ikwahluke kakhulu. Indawo ekhethekileyo yoqoqosho yimboni ye-titanium, ekhethekileyo kwintsimi yaseRashiya. Apha, izibonelelo ezininzi zinikezelwa kumashishini agxininise kwimveliso kunye nokuqhutyelwa kobuchwephesha obuphezulu beemveliso zeplasini. Amashishini okuphambili apha asebenza ngokusetyenziswa kweetanium kunye nokuveliswa kweemveliso kuwo, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zeemetallurgical complexes kunye nobunjineli, ukuveliswa kwezinto zokwakha.

«Ulyanovsk»

I-SEZ PT "Ulyanovsk" nayo igxininiswe kumatshini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Apha ngokuhlonipha iintlobo ezinjalo zomsebenzi:

• Ukwenziwa kwezixhobo, ukuveliswa kwe-electronics;
• Isakhiwo sezindiza;
• Ukugcinwa kweenqwelo;
• Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zombane;
• Ukuveliswa kwezinto zokwakha;
• Amanye amasebe zobunjineli.

Ekugqibeleni, ndingathanda ukuthetha ngabomashishini abangabemi, abasebenza kwintsimi ye-SEZ ethile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, banakho ithuba lokuthembela kwinxalenye yezikhetho ezinikezelwa kubahlali, njengoko imimiselo yemisebenzi yabo iya kuxoxwa kunye nolawulo lwe-SEZ.

Ngokomzekelo, kwingingqi yezoqoqosho ezifana neKaliningrad Region, irhafu yengeniso iyancitshiswa kuwo onke amabhizinisi, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo loqoqosho kunye neqela leempahla. Yingakho ukuvulwa kwebhizinisi kuyona nto inomdla kummandla we-SEZ. Ewe, ukuba kufikelele kwimvuzo.