Ukugcina udonga olwenziwa ngekhonkrithi: iteknoloji kunye nesixhobo

Akunjalo wonke umnini wecebo lakhe unokuziqhayisa ngokukhululeka, apho kufuneka kugqitywe ukuba udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrithi, ubuchwephesha bwakhiwo oluya kuchazwa kwinqaku, ngamanye amaxesha luyinto ebaluleke kakhulu engenza njengesigqongo somyezo kunye nesakhiwo esihlula kwiindawo . Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esinjalo asinakubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, kwindlela apho kunokwenzeka ukuqonda iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zoyilo lwe-landscape.

IWow device

Udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrithi, iteknoloji yokwakhiwa kwayo kufuneka ibonwe nguwe ngexesha lomsebenzi, inokuba neyakhelwe ethile eyenza umsebenzi wayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ezinye iindonga zihlobisa, ngelixa ezinye - ziqinisa. Nganye yenzelwe igalelo layo lempembelelo kwaye iqukethe izinto eziphambili, phakathi kwazo: isiseko, umzimba, amanzi kunye nomjelo. Isiseko yinxalenye engaphantsi komhlaba kwaye yenzelwe ukujamelana nobunzima bomhlaba. Ingxenye yomhlaba ngumzimba, umda wangaphakathi odibana nomhlaba kwaye ulandele ukuphakama kwisayithi. Icala langaphandle, icala langaphambili livulekile kwaye linokubonakala ngathi. Unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo ngumlambo kunye namanzi. Kwindlela yokuyila, kubalulekile ukubonelela iindlela zokususa umswakama obuninzi oza kubuthela ngaphakathi.

Iiparameters eziqinisekisa ukuzinza kwodonga

Ukwakhiwa kweendonga zekhonkrit kufuneka kulungiselele nganye yezinto ezi ngasentla. Kule ndlela kuphela uyilo luya kuhlala luzinzile kwaye luza kubonisa ukukwazi ukunyamezela. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukubala iimeko ezichaphazela amandla. Kulo donga kuya kuthinteka ngamandla emzimbeni, okuthi: ubunzima balo, amandla okubambisana kunye nokunamathela kumhlaba, uxinzelelo lomhlaba, kunye nokulinganisa okongeziweyo kwezi zinto. Ezi zilandelayo zingomelezwa eludongeni.

Impembe eludongeni

Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezi zinto ziza kuphazamisa ukuyila, phakathi kwazo: ukuvuvukala komhlaba ngexesha lebusika, ukuxubha (ukuba umzila wesitimela ubeka kufuphi), ukuhlamba amanzi emvula, iziganeko zomoya kunye nomoya. Ukuqwalasela umcimbi wokugqibela, kufuneka uqaphele ukuba udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrit (2 m okanye ngaphezulu ukuphakama) luya kuba nemithwalo enamandla yomoya.

Iteknoloji yokwakha

Isakhiwo esichaziweyo sisakhiwo esinezakhiwo zobunjineli, ngoko ke, kumalungiselelo alo kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela izinto ezithile apho ukuthembeka, amandla kunye nokuzinza kuya kuxhomekeka. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinjalo kungaqala kwiindawo ezizinzile eziqukethe udongwe, i-gravel, i-loam yesihlabathi, kunye negravel. Ukuze uzalise ngempumelelo umsebenzi, kufuneka ukhunjulwe ukuba izinga lokukhupha lomhlaba akufanele lidlule kwi-1.5 m ukusuka phezulu.

Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kufuneka abe yi-1 imitha, njengendlela ekhethekileyo yinkqubo ye-1.5 metres ukusuka emhlabeni. Ukuba wena ngokwakho unqume ukuqhuba umsebenzi wokwakha, ke inxalenye yomhlaba wodonga akufanele ibe ngaphezu kwe-1.4 emitha. Ukuba udinga udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrit (ukuphakama 3 m), ngoko kukulungele ukuphendukela kubachwephesha, kuba kule nto uza kufuna izibalo ezinzima eziqwalasela ingcinezelo yomhlaba kunye nokuhamba kwayo.

Iingcebiso zokwakha isiseko

Udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrithi, umfanekiso onokukubona kwinqaku, kufuneka ube nesiseko esinokuthenjwa ukuba isakhiwo sinokuphakama kwama-30 cm. Kule meko, kuyimfuneko ukulandela umgaqo, oku kuxhomekeke kwindlela esezantsi ngayo isiseko kwiziseko zomhlaba. Ukungaqiniseki nokulula umhlaba, kunyanzelekile ukubeka isiseko. Ukuba umhlaba ubonakaliswe ngobuninzi, umlinganiselo wobunzulu besiseko kunye nokuphakama komyinge womhlaba kufuneka uhambelane nomlinganiselo we-1 ukuya ku-4. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenza nomhlaba ophantsi, ubunzulu besiseko kufuneka kube yi-1/3 yokuphakama kwenkxaso. Ukuba umhlaba ulula kwaye ukhululekile, ubunzulu besiseko sesakhiwo kufuneka bilingane no-1/2 wokuphakama. Ukubunjwa kwesiseko kufuneka kube yikhonkrithi, igravel kunye nelitye eliqingqiweyo, kunye nobude obude okanye isamente edibeneyo.

Ukuvalwa kwamanzi, amanzi kunye namanzi

Udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrithi, iteknoloji kunye nezixhobo onokuzifunda kunye nokuziqhuba ngokuzimeleyo, kufuneka zinikezele amanzi kunye nokuvalwa kwamanzi, okuya kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokuzinza. Akwanele ukwakha isiseko esilungileyo nokufaka udonga, ukhusele isakhiwo kwimiphumo yokungcolisa, enokuba nefuthe elichaphazelayo. Kubalulekile ukuba ungenise amanzi ngaphakathi kwenkxaso yangaphakathi.

Inkqubo yokucoca idibanti ikwahlula kwi-longitudinal, ehambayo kwaye idibeneyo. Ukugqithisa ngokugqithisileyo kuthetha ukufakwa kwemingxuma kwimiqolo yesibini yesithathu, ububanzi bayo bube malunga neesentimitha ezilishumi. Unokubeka iipayipi kwi-slope, ngoko amanzi aya kushiya indawo ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokuxhobisa i-longitudinal drain, itholakala eludongeni phantsi komhlaba kumgangatho wesiseko. Ngenxa yoko, isamente, i-asbestos ipension okanye ipayipi yeceram enobubanzi beesentimitha ezili-10. Iimpawu zijikeleza nge-geotextile, eziza kuthatha umswakama, zifike emigodini encinci. Ukuze ungabandakanyi ukungena kwamanzi kwisakhiwo somboni, okokuba, xa ubushushu behla, bubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kodonga, kubalulekile ukubonelela ubukho bebloko le-cornice okanye i-visor ene-slope encane.

Ukubeka uluhlu lwamanzi phakathi kodonga kunye nomhlaba

Ukuba udinga udonga olugcinwe olwenziwe ngekhonkrithi, iteknoloji kunye nefowuni ngezandla zakho kufuneka zifundwe kwaye ziveliswe ngokwe-teknoloji ethile. Le nqubo ibandakanya ilungiselelo lokucoca amanzi, ophakathi komhlaba kunye nesakhiwo ngokwawo. Emva kokugqiba ibandla lodonga, ungaqhubeka ukugcwalisa isikhala esakhiwe udonga kunye nentlambo. Kule nto, kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa umhlaba onobumba obuninzi ngoluhlobo lwamatyeba, i-gravel kunye nesihlabathi esiqhekezayo. Ukwenza oku, ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa izitena zezitena kunye nezinto zokwakha izitya.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba igravel izakufaka ingcinezelo ethile kwenkxaso, kodwa yenza njengoluhlu lwamanzi. Umxube we-drainage kufuneka ugqitywe ngumgca, uluhlu ngalunye oluhlukileyo lufanele lufakwe uphawu. Ezikhethiweyo ziyintsimi kunye neesanti eziqingqiweyo, ezithathwe kwi-sandy loam. Udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrithi, ubuchwephesha obuchazwe kwinqaku, kufuneka libe neyona nxalenye yecala lokubeka, elingabandakanya umhlaba wezityalo. Emva kokudambisa ugcino lokugqibela kuyimfuneko ukushiya yonke into kweli lizwe iintsuku eziliqela ngaphandle kokubhengeza umphezulu ukuba ufikelele. Ukuqiniswa kwezixhobo ngenxa yale nto kuya kufumana iimpahla zabo. Emva kokugqitywa kwayo yonke imisebenzi ekhankanywe ngasentla, unokuqalisa isilungiselelo se-terrace.

Iimpawu zokwakha udonga

Ukukhishwa kwe-monolith kwenziwa kwifomu, apho umgangatho onqabiseko lwe-shields of breaks act. Izixhobo zomntu ngamnye ziqiniswa ukusuka ngaphandle kunye neenkxaso ukwenzela ukuba le fom ikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi. Ngaphakathi, kuqiniswe imigqa yemingxube, eyenziwa ngamatye esinyithi kunye nemibhobho yokucoca. Bafanele baxhunyelelane ngomnxeba. Kubude beetentimitha ezi-5 ukusuka emhlabeni, iipulasitiki zeplastiki mazibekiwe, eziya kuqinisekisa ukubethelwa kwamanzi okuqokelela. Umgama phakathi kwabo kufuneka ube yi-1 imitha.

Ukuze ufumane umgangatho ogqithiseleyo, uxwebhu lufakwe ngeplywood okanye izinto zokuphahla ngaphakathi. Ukuba udinga udonga olugcinayo lwekhonkrithi, iteknoloji yokwakha echazwe kwinqaku, ngoko unokwakha ngaphandle kwekhonkrithi, kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuvelisa. Ukuyila kwesi siyilo kukuvumela ukuba ulondoloze i-samente, njengexabiso elikhulu lamatye.

Umqolo wokuqala ubeka umile, i-voids ifakwe kufuneka ifakwe i-rubble kunye negalelo. Emva komqolo omtsha wamatye, kufuneka agonywe kwisisombululo, aqhube umsebenzi kuze kube yilapho ifom ezaliswe. Njengokuba kunjalo kwiindonga ze-monolithic, izakhiwo zekhonkthi kufuneka zibe neepayipi zokugalela amanzi.

Ukubalwa kwekhonkrithi yokwakha udonga

Udonga olugcinwe olwenziwe ngekhonkrithi, ukubalwa onokukwenza ngokuzimeleyo, kufuneka kuzaliswe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu emsebenzini, ngaphandle koko akunakukwazi ukukhuphela ukubunjwa kwamagumbi. Ukuze ubale ukuba ungakanani ukhonkco lokuthenga, kufuneka unqume umthamo ongaphakathi lwodonga oluzayo. Kule ndawo, indawo yayo imiselwe okokuqala, kwaye ke inani liyandiswa ngokubanzi kwodonga. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba uqonde ukuba isisombululo kufuneka senziwe njani kumveliso. Kodwa ukuba akukho nto inokwenzeka, kungcono ukuqesha umxube wekhonkrithi.