Ukufumana alkenes

Alkenes - is hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo acyclic, eziquka omnye kuphela athom bond carbon kabini. Bakha homology olunye olunzima (number) esibonisa equation ambaxa olungumgubo CnH2n. Umzekelo, ifomula kolu ngcelele kokuqala kwezinto - ethylene - C2H4, ifomula kwi pentene kumqolo sesihlanu - C5H10, decene seshumi - C10H20.

I-atom carbon kwezi zinto phambi ngokuzikhanyeza kabini kwimo hybridization sp², ngaloo ndlela, le angle Valence ngesakhiwo molecule ngu-120 °. Le alkene elula ethylene kweziyobisi kunye nefomula C2H4. series Homologous of alkenes kwaye zibonisa amagama abo, nto leyo akhiwa Ukongeza nelayo isimaphambili.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ulungiselelo alkenes bubonwa ngokupheleleyo ngeempawu zalo iikhemikhali kunye neempawu. Ngokomzekelo, abo baye athom ngaphezu zekhabhoni ezimbini obandakanya ukudala isomers. Ngenxa yoko kukho ipateni owakhiwa yokuba elikhulu inani athom carbon laliwaphethe alkene ethile, kokukhona akwazi ukwakha isomers.

Iipropati Physical ezi zihlanganisi zixhomekeke isikhundla thotho homologous. Umzekelo, ukunyibilika ingongoma, lokubila kunye for ethylene ukuba ngokulandelelana -169,1, -103,7 no 0,5700. efanayo Ipharamitha wesibhozo kuthotho alkene - octene - bayalingana, ngokulandelelana, -101,7, -121,3 no 0,7140.

Okokuqala ukufumana alkenes kwenzeka ngo-1669 xa ekhemesti waseJamani nguBhela wakhetha ngaphandle yi ifuthe kwe-sulphuric acid kwi utywala. Ngeli xesha sisazinzulu ayikwazanga ukukhomba igesi ekhutshwa, yaye ngoko ke akazange amnike igama, yaye kuthiwa nje 'umoya. " Kamva, "umoya nguBhela" xa kanye ngendlela efanayo, yaye wamkela Dutch Deyman Potts Van Troostvik ngo-1795. Eli xesha, izazinzulu ziye ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha iindlela zabo kulungiselelwa alkenes, ubanike igama elikhethekileyo - ". Igesi maslorodny" Eli gama wazalwa ngenxa yokuba, ngexesha indlela chlorine ukwenza i ulwelo olunamafutha, kuphela kamva zachongwa dichloroethane yemichiza evela eFransi Antuanom Furkrua.

Ngaphezu koko, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela ngu J Gay-Lussac wafumanisa ukuba ethanol kubandakanya, ukongeza molekyuli kanye irhasi kunye namanzi "maslorodnogo".

J. Dumas and P. Bull ngo-1928 wavula bafumane alkenes ukusuka ethyl chloride. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ixesha elide kakhulu, ekhemisi ababa kakuhle ukubhala formula le ezimbaxa. Kuphela ngo 1848 Ukuchetywa kwakhokelela ukuba ethylene makabhalwe S4N4.

Kwindalo, kukho phantse akukho alkenes. Ethylene na ummeli elula thotho homologous, yimilo hormone kwezinye izityalo.

alkenes Lower ziyityhefu kwaye kungomlinganiselo aphezulu kunokubangela nomphumo ezidakumbisayo. Kwimeko nokudla alkenes ophezulu waphawula unditsho kunye ngokuma nokudumba.

Ubukhulu ubunzima lwalusanda imisela abilayo kunye ukunyibilika ezi zihlanganisi zabo imo udibaniso. Alkenes ezokuqala yesine kolu thotho - iigesi ukusuka yesihlanu ukuya elinesixhenxe athathe ifomu kolwelo, kwaye elandelayo - eziqinileyo. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke alkenes azikho enyibilikayo emanzini kodwa kakuhle enyibilikayo organic izinyibilikisi.

Phantsi kweemeko lwangoku, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukuvelisa alkenes. Ngoko ke, ukuba iindlela ngenxa alkenes ekhobokisayo, iquka le mikhuba shishino.

Indlela esisiseko ke ubushushu eliphezulu inkqubo nokuqhekeka zokuphosa leyo ebandakanya igesi yendalo iikhompawundi kunye ezizizembiwa equlathwe oli ekrwada. Ngokunxulumene kuli, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa indlela kunye na emzimbeni ka-alkoholi.

Iilebhu ukusebenzisa le ndlela, kodwa apha indlela siyaqhutywa phambi asidi anamandla nazo kusetyenziswa iindlela synthesizing Hoffmann kunye Chugaeva. Kuba kwezinye iindlela synthesizing indlela ziquka Burda, nto leyo kubulawe bromine.

Alkenes azohlukaniswa ekrwada izinto kushishino imichiza, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imali enkulu of iikhompawundi chemical. Ngoko ke ufumana alkenes yi kwicala ebalulekileyo yophuhliso promyschlennosti imichiza kuwo onke amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.