I-ethyl yotywala: ulwazi jikelele, iindlela zokulungiselela kunye nesicelo

I-Alcohols iyimvelaphi ye-hydrocarbons, kwi-molecule apho enye okanye ngaphezulu i-hydrorogens ithathelwa endaweni ye-hydroxyl (OH). Utywala obuncitshisiweyo buya kutshabalalisa kuwo onke amanqanaba emanzini. I-acids, i-ethers ye-alcohols. Iqela le-Hydrogen hydroxyl lingatshintshwa. Ngoko ke, kwenziwa isenzo se-metallic sodium, alcohol alcohol. Kwinkqubo ye-hydrolysis, i-alcoholates iyanqumla amanzi kunye ne- caustic soda.

Izidakamizwa zaseprayimari zidibanisa kakuhle ukwenza i-aldehydes. I-Aldehydes yimizimba ye-organic engenawo ama-OH kwaye ayinikeli ii- esters; Ngenye i-oxidation yehla i-acids kunye nenani elincinci leeatoni ze-khabhoni. Kwinkqubo yokudambiswa kwamanzi otywala , i-hydrocarbons engasetshenzisiweyo ifumaneka. Emzimbeni, isenzo sokunxiliswa kotywala ngokwe-aliphatic, ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokugqithisileyo. Amandla okwenza utywala axhomekeke kwiipropati zawo zomzimba. Xa kuthelekiswa nokusela utywala kunye ne-polyhydric, kuphawulwe ukuba umphumo wokugqibela unobuthathaka, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uphelelwa ngokupheleleyo, Ukwanda kwenani le-hydroxyls kwi-molecule kuyanciphisa umphumo we-pharmacological, umzekelo, i-glycerol ayikho into ephawulekayo yokuhlambalaza.

Ukulungiselela utywala e-alcohol

Utywala ngeenjongo zonyango lufumaneka ngokuvumba izinto ezishukelayo. I-carbohydrates ye rye, iitata, umbona, kunye nezinye izinto zokuvelisa ziyacinywa. Inani eliphakathi kwamanqanaba atywalayo atywalayo namhlanje . Kwisixhobo sokuncedisa izixhobo, izinto ezingenayo (amazambane, njl. Njl.) Zihlanjiswa kuqala ukusuka emhlabathini kunye nobuncwane, zize zilayishwe kwi-pail ekhethekileyo, apho i-steam ikhutshwa phantsi kwengcinezelo kwimimandla emibini okanye emithathu. Isitashi, esisezitatisini, sijika sibe unobumba. Ubunzima obangelwayo buhanjiswa kwi-tank mash kwaye apho, ngokugubungela amandla, sele selehliwe kwi-degrees ezingama-50. I-Malt yongezwa kuyo kwi-concentration ye-10% yesisindo sezambatyambo. I-Malt ilungiselelwe ukuhluma kwebhali. Ngexesha lokuhluma kwebhali kwinqanaba elithile kukho inkqubo yokubunjwa kunye nokuqokelela i-enzyme, enye yeyoyi-amylase enzyme. Le enzyme i-hydrolyses i-starch ibe i-maltose. I-Maltose iyaguqulelwa ibe yi-glucose phantsi kwefuthe le-enzyme invertin kwisixhakaxhaka. I-latter ephantsi kweempembelelo ze-winters iyajika ibe yi-ethyl alcohol kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Inkqubo ibhekwa ipheleleyo xa kukhutshwa i-carbon dioxide. Umbane obangelwayo ubizwa ngokuba yi-bob, equle malunga ne-18% yotywala kunye nemveliso eyahlukeneyo yokuvumba - i-glycerol, i-ethanal (i-acetate aldehyde), i-alcohol ephezulu, i-ether, njl. Emva koko umatshini uphantsi kokulungiswa. Okokuqala, umxube obunxilisayo obuninzi malunga no-70% ufunyenwe, ngoko izinga lokugqibela linyuka libe ngama-96%. Utywala lwe-ethyl ekuhlambulukeni kokugqibela lugqityiwe ngekhabhoni.

Kuxhamla kwezoqoqosho ukuvelisa utywala ngokwemveliso - ukusuka e-ethylene, leyo, xa i- sulfate iphendula, inika i-sulfatoethyl ether, ichithelwa ngamanyathelo amanzi kwi-ethyl alcohol and sulfate acid. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba utywala lunokuqulunqwa kwi-acetylene. Ngenxa yale njongo, i-acetylene idluliselwa kwisisombululo esinomsoco sulfate acid, phambi kobungqina, idibanisa amanzi, idlulele kwi-ethanol. I-Aldehyde ikhutshwe kwaye iyancitshiswa nge-hydrogen kotywala. Uxinzelelo olutywala utywala lubonakaliswe kwiidrees, umzekelo, 33 °, 40 °. Ezi degrees zibonisa ukuba utywala obuninzi kangakanani kwiiyunithi eziyi-100 zesiqulatho.

Kukho iintlobo ziselo zotywala:

- eluhlaza (92-95 °), engahlanjululwanga ngokwaneleyo kwioli yamafutha kunye ne-aldehydes;

- ekulungiswe (95-96 °), ngokukhululekile ekhululekile ukungcola;

- Absolute - ngokungekho amanzi;

- dedatured - utywala obuhlaza, apho i-pyridine i-nitrogen bases yenziwe khona; Isetshenziselwa iinjongo zobugcisa kunye nezasekhaya.

I-ethyl yotywala ngumbane onokutsha onokungabonakaliyo onokuthintana nokungathathi hlangothi, iphunga lokunxila kunye nefuthe elivuthayo. Utywala obuchanekileyo yinto efanelekileyo yokusombulula. Ukuxinwa kwe-ethyl yotywala kuxhomekeke ekugxininiseni kwiisombululo (umzekelo, 40-0.9352, 70-0.8677, 96-0.8014).

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethanol

Ukulahla okanye ukubulala ii-microorganisms, ngokukodwa kwimigangatho engaphezulu kwama-60-70%. Isichengululo sisebenza ngokugaya, ukucinga ngokugqithisileyo kwandisa umsebenzi weziko lokuphefumula kunye nentliziyo ngexesha lokutyhafa. Ukusetyenziswa kwangaphandle njengendlela yokubulala i-disinfectant, irritant, ukupholisa kunye nokuqabuleka ekwenzeni unyango (I-II ne-II degree).