Igazi ibhekiselele inyama, yaye ngoba?

ababona abantu abaninzi nokubona ukuba igazi fanele ukuya kwizicwili. Uninzi babekholelwa ukuba olu lwelo ngumxube kukho ezininzi izinto yaye kungekho ngaphezulu. Noko ke, oko akunjalo. Igazi - a kwizicwili kokuba umbala obomvu kwaye usoloko ihamba. Olu lwelo wenza emzimbeni imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo. It ujikeleza igazi ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokujikeleza rhoqo. Ngenxa yoku, athwala onke amacandelo ayimfuneko zegesi kunye izinyibiliki metabolic. Kodwa kutheni ethumela igazi emzimbeni? It is a ulwelo.

ukwakheka igazi

Ukuze siqonde indlela yokusebenzisa ijwabu igazi, yaye kutheni, kufuneka akuwuqiqi kuphela imisebenzi yayo engundoqo, kodwa isakhiwo. Yintoni na? Igazi a tissue eyakhiwa zeeseli plasma. Ngaloo element ngalinye lenza imisebenzi ethile kwaye iimpawu zayo.

Plasma kakhulu ulwelo ngaphaya ene-ithinti elityheli kancinane. Eli candelo yenza inxalenye enkulu ngumthamo opheleleyo igazi emzimbeni womntu. I-plasma iqulethe iindidi ezintathu eziphambili ifomu elements:

1. Zegazi - zegazi ube seqanda okanye ukulenza.
2. Leukocytes - iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi.
3. Iiseli ezibomvu - iiseli ezibomvu, ezenza igazi le nombala, ngenxa isiqulatho eliphezulu mpilo.

Asinguye wonke umntu uyayazi indlela ye ulwelo uqulathwe emzimbeni wethu. Ngokutsho inkqubo yokujikeleza abantu basoloko ujikeleza malunga 4-5 iilitha igazi. Ngoko ke i-55% ngumthamo opheleleyo yile plasma, kwaye iipesenti eseleyo kuwa izinto ezimile okwesitya ezibumba uninzi erythrocytes kwaba - 90%.

haematic

Ngoko ke, ukuba izicwili ziquka igazi, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ecacileyo. Yiloo nje wonke umntu uyazi ukuba olu lwelo inokuba shades ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, igazi lowo ujikeleze lonke imithambo, kuqala ungena intliziyo emiphungeni kwaye ke ukuba kuye kwanwenwa wonke oksijini umzimba. Kuye obomvu umbala eliqaqambileyo. Emva kokuba inyama ziya kukhutshwa zii-element _O-2, igazi iphindela intliziyo ngenxa yegazi. Apha, ulwelo iba mnyama.

iimpawu igazi

Yeyiphi uhlobo kwilaphu ziquka igazi zintoni na iimpawu? Ndingathi kwasekuqaleni ukuba oku nje ulwelo. Le into, lo viscosity leyo ixhomekeke ipesenti umxholo walo iiprothini kunye erythrocytes. Le propati kuchaphazela isantya intshukumo, kwakunye kwi uxinzelelo lwegazi. Yeyona intshukumo yeekhomponenti ubume kwanokuxinana iziyobisi ngenxa kwezihlunu ingeniso. Iiseli yegazi eyahlukileyo ukuhamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Bona bayakwazi ukuhamba, hayi nje kuphela ngamnye, kodwa amaqela amancinane, umzekelo, oku kusebenza iiseli ezibomvu. Ezi zinto exonxiweyo bayakwazi ukuya embindini benqanawa ngohlobo "ngokufumba" efana imali elibhalwe. Kakade ke, iiseli ezibomvu kwaye inga siwa ngamnye. Njengoko iiseli ezimhlophe, badla kuhlala ecaleni iindonga imithambo yegazi kunye enye kuphela.

Yintoni plasma?

Ukuze siqonde ukusebenzisa igazi inwebu kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo ngakumbi amacandelo zalo ngayo. Yintoni plasma? Eli candelo ngegazi ulwelo lwe umbala umbala otyheli. Kuyinto phantse ngaphaya. nombala wayo olubangelwa bubukho kumafa yayo amasuntswana abeBala mbala nenyongo. Plasma malunga ne-90% yamanzi. Lo mqulu eseleyo awayephantsi izimbiwa ixutywe izinto ulwelo organic. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isakhiwo sayo ayikho njalo. Iipesenti amacandelo efanayo ungahluka. La manani zixhomekeke uhlobo lokutya bagqitywe, ukuba ityuwa amaninzi kuwo nokuba angakanani na amanzi. Indlela ezakhiwe ngayo zizinto plasma ilandelayo:

1. 1% - izimbiwa, kubandakanywa potassium, nemagnesium, intsimbi, calcium, iyatshi- isodiyam, ayodini, isalfure, phosphorus, anions chlorine.
2. izinto eziphilayo, phakathi apho malunga ne-2% of uric, lactic kunye nezinye ii-asidi, acid kunye namanqatha, 7% protein malunga 0.1% iswekile.

Ukubunjwa plasma

Iiproteni ukuba yinxalenye plasma, athathe inxaxheba kule ngokutshintshiselana amanzi, ngokunjalo ukusasazwa yayo phakathi kwegazi kunye inyama kulwelo. Kakade ke, oku zonke imisebenzi kula macandelo. Ngenxa kwiiproteni igazi uba viscous ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ezinye macandelo omzimba Nokwethisa arhente zasemzini emzimbeni. indima engqalileyo ye lwefibrinogen - protein emanzini. Le into libandakanyeka kwinkqubo igazi ekunqandeni. Phantsi yempembelelo yeemeko ezithile ukukhanya ukuba uguqulwe fibrin, nto leyo ezingenakunyibilika.

Igazi inxulumene uhlobo inyama ukuba enze imisebenzi ethile apha emzimbeni. nokubunjwa kwayo yahlukile. Kwakhona iplasma iqulethe hormone yi kwamadlala yonyango. Ukubunjwa eli candelo igazi lukwaquka izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze eqhelekileyo yokusebenza komzimba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le miba bioactive.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba plasma apho kungekho lwefibrinogen, lidla ngokuba serum.

erythrocytes

Ukuze siqonde indlela yokusebenzisa ijwabu igazi yaye kutheni maziqwalasele ngenyameko enkulu ngakumbi kuphela nokubunjwa kwayo kodwa yintoni imisebenzi yenziwa kumacandelo athile. Yaye hayi kangako. Uninzi igazi iqulethe iiseli ezibomvu. La macandelo sithe ukusuka 44 ukuya ku-48% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo. Iiseli ezibomvu zegazi iiseli ukuba babe uhlobo disks, biconcave embindini. ububanzi sabo malunga 7.5 microns. Olu hlobo iiseli ezibomvu kwandisa ukusebenza yonke nokomzimba. Ngenxa wephiko iiseli kufuneka indawo enkulu. Le nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuba lonaniselwano igesi engcono. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iiseli abaqolileyo egazi abomvu abanalo nuclei. Umsebenzi main kwedatha kwiiseli - ukudluliselwa amaphaphu kwezinye iithishu kukho into ebalulekileyo ezifana mpilo. Oku kubonisa ukuba igazi usebenza elaphini, nto leyo elenza imisebenzi zothutho.

Iimpawu ezisisiseko erythrocytes

Igama erythrocytes liguqulelwe ngokusuka kwisiGrike lithetha "ebomvu." iiseli zakhe umthunzi kufuneka protein mpilo. Le nto iye isakhiwo entsonkothileyo yaye unako ukumbopha mpilo. Njengenxalenye yetekisi wafumana iinxalenye ezininzi eziphambili: neprothini - globulin siyabophelela, kwaye non-protein equlethe yentsimbi. Le nkcazelo yokugqibela ivumela iiseli ukuba uhlomele mpilo.

iiseli ezibomvu egazini akhiwa, ngokuqhelekileyo umongo wethambo. nokuvuthwa epheleleyo kwenzeka emva kweentsuku ezintlanu. Siphila kwiiseli ezibomvu - hayi ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-120. Ezi seli awabulawa sisibindi kunye udakada. Kulo mzekelo, athwala waphula phantsi zibe kumacandelo globulin and non-protini. Kukho kwakhona ukukhululwa ion yentsimbi. Baya kubuyela kwi lomongo wethambo kwaye zisetyenziswa ukuba ukuphinda-ukudala iiseli igazi. Emva kokuba kukhululwe kwicandelo non-protein intsimbi mpilo is kuguquka yibilirubin - inyongo sakhi, elihamba kunye enyongweni kwisiqwenga lokugaya. Ukunciphisa umgangatho iiseli ezibomvu zegazi egazini labantu, kukhokelela kuphuhliso anemia okanye nezinye.

leukocytes

Igazi ibhekisa nezihlunu kokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi. Ukongeza iiseli plasma igazi elibomvu ngaphakathi kuyo kwakhona iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Ezi iiseli enemibala ngokupheleleyo. Bakhusele umzimba nxamnye arhente eziyingozi. Kulo mzekelo, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi yahlulwe nezernistye - agranulocytes kunye granular - granulocytes. Le yokugqibela ziquka eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils. Ahluke ziyimpendulo iidayi ezithile. Ukuze isicelo lymphocyte granular kunye monocytes. Baye granules kwi icytoplasm kunye isiqalo, nto yenziwe komsindo.

Granulocytes ukukhusela umzimba microorganisms. La macandelo bayakwazi yande ejongene nogqabhuko lwezifo kunye ushiye nempahla. Eyona umsebenzi monocyte - nokufunxwa izinto eziyingozi, kunye lymphocyte - ukuveliswa interferon kunye izilwa-buhlungu, kwakunye ukutshatyalaliswa iiseli zomhlaza.

zegazi

Le composition yegazi nazo zibandakanyiwe, neeplatelets. Ezi amacwecwe amancinane, ezingenambala kunye non-nuclear, leyo, enyanisweni, ukuba amaqhekeza leeseli ezifumaneka umongo - megakaryocytes. Imilo ye zegazi kuba intonga-okwe, ungqukuva kunye elimbhoxo. iminyaka yabo yokuphila akukho ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-10. Umsebenzi omkhulu zegazi - obandakanyeka iinkqubo ezinxulumene igazi ekunqandeni. Ezi seli igazi uyekele izinto aqukiweyo reactions ezithile run xa yonakele emithanjeni. Ngoko lwefibrinogen ngcembe zaguqulelwa imisonto ezingenakunyibilika fibrin. Iiseli ezibomvu egazini Badidekile, kwaye isiphumo a thrombus.

Umsebenzi main igazi

Blood, nkovu izicwili na, eli liyithweleyo kuphela ioksijini kunye namanye amacandelo abangabaxhamli amalungu, kodwa wenza imisebenzi emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo. Into yokuba iinkcukacha zizizwe kubalulekile ukuba umntu, akukho mntu uthandabuzayo. Kodwa asinguye wonke umntu uyayazi into efunekayo igazi.

Le Ilaphu lenza imisebenzi emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo:

1. Igazi inxulumene laphu ekhusela umzimba womntu evela walimala kunye nezifo. Kulo mzekelo, indima ephambili ngoku udlalwa nge iiseli ezimhlophe: monocytes kunye neutrophils. They sukela ukuya kummandla ochaphazelekayo ubuthe kule ndawo. Owona msebenzi wabo - phagocytosis, ngamanye amazwi - ukufunxeka ezincinane. Kulo mzekelo, monocytes ezi macrophage kunye neutrophils - to macrophage. Malunga nezinye iintlobo leukocytes ezifana lymphocyte, zenza antibodies zikhuphisana arhente eziyingozi. Ukongeza, iiseli igazi abandakanyeka ekususeni nyama kwaye ezimashakeleyo emzimbeni.
2. Kwakhona musa ukulibala ukuba igazi usebenza elaphini, nto leyo elenza imisebenzi zothutho. zibaluleke kakhulu umzimba Le propati. Emva flow kwegazi kuchaphazela phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo, ezifana nokuphefumla kunye ekugayeni. iiseli zomzimba Ulwelo wonke ioksijini umzimba kwaye kususa carbon dioxide, imveliso yokugqibela kunye nezinto eziphilayo ohamba izinto bioactive kunye iihomoni.

Umsebenzi ekhethekileyo ngegazi

Igazi ibhekisa inyama olawula obushushu. Le ulwelo efunekayo ukuze umntu eqhelekileyo yokusebenza onke amalungu. Ivumela igazi ukugcina ubushushu rhoqo. Kwiqela lezifundo eqhelekileyo esebenzayo kuyahlukahlukana ngaphakathi uluhlu emxinwa - malunga 37 ° C.