UMariya Tereziya - inkosazana of Austria: biography, abantwana

UMariya Tereziya wazalwa ngo May 13, 1717 eVienna. UMaria wakhulela kwintsapho enothando. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko abeyilungisele nendima kwafuneka badlale ebomini bam. Inkosazana young wemfundo Austria ezifunyenweyo, ngoko ukuthetha, umlinganiswa eyindoda. Yena inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zeBhunga of State ukususela kwiminyaka eli-14. Ngaphezu koko, wafundisa iilwimi ezahlukeneyo: French, Italian, Latin. Noko ke, kude kube isiphelo sobomi, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuba luhlale aksenti Viennese.

Abafaka izicelo isandla kaMariya

Emva kokuba intombazana ndandineminyaka eli-18, yena nditshatile, Kakade, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno karhulumente. Kakade ke, kwakukho contenders ezininzi kuba isandla kaMariya, ikamva uKumkanikazi of Austria. Prussia Crown Prince, omnye abakhwenyana, inkxaso evgeniy Savoysky, umncedisi Austria, owaba negalelo elihle kakhulu. Esi sicelo rumor ingqalelo unyana ongumgqakhwe uLouis XIV, ukumkani French. Okulandelayo ingoma hero kunye yalelani zange iqatshelwe njenge nolutsha kwilizwe lakhe. Ngoko ke, waqukumbela e Austria yaye kamva Nizise lo lizwe uloyiso brilliant emkhosini.

Noko ke, Austria kaThixo ozikhethayo zopolitiko zahluke kakhulu. Ukucinga ngendlela ukunqanda ukusuka usiya eFransi, Lorraine, usapho wayakha umfelandawonye kunye Prussia Crown Prince Frantsem Shtefanom of Lorraine. Yaba isalamane eziqhele Bourbons kunye Habsburgs.

umtshato Happy

Indoda kaMariya njengenxenye kwafuneka ukulungelelanisa umgaqo-nkqubo lukho utshintsho yaseYurophu duchy yakhe Tuscany. Ngenxa umfelandawonye Theresa eyasekwayo House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Noko ke, lo mgaqo-ayikuthinteli iimvakalelo ngamanye amaxesha. Bathi ukuba nje intombazana encinane Maria wamthanda eFransi, yaye uye wathwala uthando lwakhe ebomini bakhe, nangona ngamanye amaxesha likhwele yendoda yakhe.

Umtshato kwenzeka ngo-1736, ngomhla we-12 kweyoMdumba. Honeymoon, apho zaba ntathu, namatakane wachitha Tuscany. Emva koko wabuyela Palace (eVienna). ngokoqobo UMariya Tereziya wathatha wonke imicimbi yezopolitiko. Umyeni wakhe kuzo, njengoko emkhosini, wawungenamandla kunene. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1738, emva kokuba iphulo Austria, yasilela, wabuyela ekhaya kunye engqondweni.

umkhaya omkhulu

E Marii Terezii yintsapho bonwabe abantwana abaninzi. Maria wathi ngokunxulumene abantwana anganeliseki, ngoko emva kokuba zonke iinkonzo lowu ukuba akonelanga. Izibulo Theresa wazalwa ngo-1737 Emva ukuba ukuzala ngo-1738, 1740 ... njalo phantse qho ngonyaka de 1756. Ayifane lokuphumla phakathi ekhulelwe iminyaka emibini okanye emithathu. UMaria iye nje nabantwana-16, 5 kubo amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana 11. Ngowe-1756 yena wazalwa unyana omncinane, Maximilian Franz. Esengumntwana, ukuba wafa kuphela amabini ngaloo mihla ukuqina impumelelo. Imfundo bekhulisa oonyana neentombi ezihlawulwa ingqalelo kakhulu kaMariya Tereziya.

abantwana bakhe, ngokungamangalisiyo phofu, omthandayo. Hi ndlela leyi, hayi kuphela ngokwayo - abanye abantu batsaleleke kuye. Ngowe-1762, i onjengokaMozart omncinane, ngubani wamenywa ukuba ukudlala ikonsathi kwi komkhulu, eziva indawo kaMariya, wenyukela ase esifubeni sakhe. Ekuqgqibeleni itywiniweyo opeyintayo enkundleni.

Ukufa Charles VI kunye twist omtsha nxi kaMariya

Noko ke, ukuba ulonwabo luya kuzola wabalingane sele yabelwe ixesha analo lifutshane. KoMlawuli uCharles VI ngowe-1740, wafa, noMariya, ngubani ngelo xesha engama-23 ubudala, kwafuneka anyukela kwisihlalo sobukhosi of Austria. Yena wayesele ngeli xesha unina wabantwana abathathu, wayekhulelwe kunye neyesine. Theresa wayejamelene umsebenzi karhulumente kwakungelula. Ukongeza, ezi ke Habsburg kuquka, ngaphandle Austria, Czech, South Holland, Hungary, ilizwe Italy.

Ekuqaleni, ngenxa yokuba ukufa UCharles akazange ngaphandle ilahleko zayo zezopolitiko. UKarl Albrecht, Elector waseBavaria wafumana le isithsaba, yaye emi-5 kuphela kamva, ngo-1745, emva kokufa kwakhe, yaye kwemvume, unyana wakhe, wabuyela Austria. Ngokwenene, umlawuli wayephantsi igama Franz I Frants Shtefan noMariya Tereziya ngaloo ndlela yaziwa ngokuba uKumkanikazi. Ngokusemthethweni, yena akazange akathweswa sithsaba, kodwa ukuzimisela, ulwazi babantu, intloko yakhe waqalisa ezicacileyo ishishini nzima karhulumente. Ekuqaleni uMariya yayisekelwe ngabacebisi kayise. Noko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukubaxa kunokuba igcinwe Teressa nesibindi bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Imisebenzi Frantsa Shtefana

Frants Shtefan, owaswelekelwa ngumfazi wakhe kwiiklasi kwezopolitiko baqalisa ukuba imicimbi yezemali Habsburgs, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, akuzange kumthintele ukuba abe ngusozigidi ngokwakhe. Ukongeza imali, ukuba nomdla kwinzululwazi. Franz ukuqokelela nezithako. Kwafuneka ingqokelela obuphathekayo zemali. Kuyo ehlobo Schönbrunn Palace ngemizamo yakhe ukuba zoo yasekwa. It ukhona namhlanje, kwaye igqalwa omdala eYurophu. Kwakhona koMlawuli babekuthanda kwezolimo. Wadala model iifama izindlu zabo.

Umtshato abantwana kunye nendima yayo nkqubo angaphandle

Kufuneka sivume ukuba kaMariya Tereziya ekuqaleni kakuhle kakhulu abawazi nkqubo amazwe. Yena wawuqondiswa nolwazi unina kwimicimbi ngamazwe abantwana abaninzi kunye nabafazi. Yanjalo idlala kumtshato abantwana, Theresa atshata kunye nabameli yezindlu abalawulayo ezibalulekileyo Europe. UMariya Tereziya, oonyana uJack kunye neentombi bendise, ubudlelwane anganomeleza eSpeyin, France, eSisili, iNaples, Parma. Ngaloo ndlela ke udale namahlakani kwi zochuku oluqhubekayo kunye uKumkani Prussia. iilwimi Ububi baye baqala ukubiza ngokuthi "kwi-mthetho," yaye "unina-of" lonke Europe.

Noko ke, ukuba naziphi na iingxaki kunye umtshato koonyana babengekho, kunye umtshato neentombi, bonke wayengekho kakuhle. Inkosazana Maria Anna, lo mdala intombi yakhe, waza wahlala ngenxa yempilo enkenenkene engatshatanga. Phantse kumtshato Mary Elizabeth kunye Louis XV, ukumkani French. Noko ke, umtshakazi ngesiquphe waphathwa ingqakaqa, ngoko kwafuneka ukurhoxisa nokubandakanywa. Ntombi Marii Terezii babetshatile kungekhona ngenxa yothando, ngaphandle Maria Cristina. Ukukhetha wakhe luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi Albert Casimir.

UMariya Antuanetta - intombi omncinane Marii Terezy. Ukudalelwa balungiselela nxi ebuhlungu. umtshato wakhe ukuba Louis XVI, uKumkani waseFransi, laphela kabuhlungu kunye nomyeni wakhe, waba phantsi imela ngayo ukufa. Yaba UMariya Antuanetta uye wafundisa croissants isiFrentshi sakusasa. Yena wazisa France imithi yawo. Croissants - iisimboli ze iceba Muslim. Bona Austrians wokosa kwaye kudliwa njengophawu kokoyisa kwakhe phezu baseTurkey.

Uxabana contenders elashiywa

Board uKumkanikazi nzima kukuba Prussia kunye eBavaria emva kokufa kukayise akazange afune ukubona Isohlwayo nesebenzayo. Babefuna ukuba babelane ngayo ilifa. Fridrih Veliky, uKumkani Prussia (iminyaka yobomi - 1712-1786), usebenzise iimeko ezinzima, nazo kumbandela yokulandelelana kwi Habsburgs baqalisa ukuba baqhube imisebenzi zomkhosi eSilesia emva kunyaka ukufa Charles VI. Yaye emva kokufa kwakhe, imfazwe wokulandelelana, eyathatha ukususela 1741 ukuya 1748. Kule mfazwe, Prussia babethi eSilesia. Noko ke, Bayern Munich kunye neFransi akukugcinanga up naye. Baya zisonqena uMariya entshona kweli lizwe.

Impi ne-Prussia

Utshaba ibalulekileyo bonke baqhubeka nangoku Prussia. UMariya phinda ubukhulu yomkhosi. Ukuze oku kube yimfuneko yayikukwazisa irhafu ezongezelelweyo. UMariya Tereziya of Austria babehamba nabo webhodi eBohemia kunye Austria. UKumkanikazi haunted ukulahlekelwa eSilesia. Ngo-1756 waqalisa imfazwe ne-Prussia. Eneminyaka eyi 7 Ulaneka elide kule mfazwe. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukubuya eSilesia. Wonke umntu wayesazi indlela le ilahleko onamava Maria.

Umsebenzi Maria ngo-nkqubo ekhaya

Ke uMariya e Austria kubangele ubuhlungu nokutshutshiswa amagqwirha. Le uKumkanikazi iye yaseka kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. UMaria, yokunyamekela kwizifundo zolwazi lokufunda nokubhala, wazisa imfundo enyanzelekileyo kumntu wonke. Bonke abantwana ukusuka kwiminyaka 6 ukuya kweli-12 ubudala kwafuneka afunde. E Vienna, asasebenza theresianum - esikolweni, eyasungulwa uKumkanikazi. Namhlanje eziqeqesha oonozakuzaku elizayo. Ngowe-1751, uMaria zavula Theresian Military Academy Wiener Neustadt. Wanikela ingqalelo eyodwa yokuxhobisa ii-University of Vienna Medical Faculty. Isakhiwo entsha yunivesithi beza phantsi kwephiko layo. Ukunikela ingqalelo kakhulu amazwe, uTheresa kwaqinisa ubuhlobo eFransi, Russia kunye Great Britain. Konke oku kube nefuthe elihle kuqoqosho karhulumente.

Ukufa uFrancis I

Ngowe-1765, ngoAgasti 18, wafa Franz I. kwakunjalo kwi Innsbruck, apho yena nomfazi wakhe waya kumtshato iTshawe Leopold, unyana wakhe. Kuba uMariya, le ilahleko olugoso. Kangangeminyaka eli-15 yena usoloko enxibe isijwili.

NeBhodi Joseph II

Emva kokufa ngumfazi Maria ulawula kunye uYosefu II, unyana wakhe, owazalwa ngoMatshi 13 1741 isixeko uYosefu waba ngumlawuli eneminyaka 24. Ukutshata wayengekho lucky: batshate asiphumelelanga, kwaye kungekudala abantwana abazelwe wafa eselula. Umfazi wakhe wafa kusasa, yaye emva kokufa kwakhe watshata. Nangona kunjalo, akukho bantwana, yaye kulo mtshato. UMariya Tereziya of Austria abazange balwe kunye nonyana wakhe zobunkokeli. Noko ke, kwakungekho unanimity phakathi kwabo. Ngokukodwa, wada wayeka kwenziwa Maria nkqubo lobukoloniyali. Ewe, yaye waphawula izimvo zabo eziphikisanayo kweminye imiba.

Marii Terezii kunye nokufa inkumbulo kwakhe

UMariya Tereziya wafa e Vienna ngoNovemba 29, 1780 Wayeneminyaka eli-63 kuphela ubudala. UMariya Tereziya of Austria, ogama engobomi, uyabona, umdla kakhulu, pogruznela ubudala yaye kunzima ukuhamba. Schönbrunn, eli bhotwe, wazakhela nkqu ikheshi yakhe ekhethekileyo ukumkanikazi akazange Kufuneka ugwencele kwizinyuko. Noko ke, namhlanje akuyi kubabona, ukwenza utyelelo amagumbi. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba bahambe amagumbi kunye iiholo ka Schönbrunn, leyo wazimisa uKumkanikazi ehlotyeni, ukuze ubone imizobo kunye nemizobo neentombi zakhe. Xa intliziyo eVienna ilitye lesikhumbuzo Marii Terezii. Qaphela ukuba wayephila ngexesha elinye njengoko Russian uKumkanikazi uCatherine Omkhulu.

Marii Terezii Thaler eSwitzerland kunye umfanekiso kwakhe 1753. Emva kokufa yokukhululwa kwakhe waqhubeka. It sicacisiwe ngonyaka ukufa kaMariya. Ngowe-1925, oko wakhululwa-15 million thalers. Kunye piastres, le ngqekembe yasasazwa Ethiopia kunye amazwe ama-Arabhu. Kananjalo ingqekembe enkulu zorhwebo Levant, ngoko waqalisa kubizwa ngokuba Levantine Thaler.