Yintoni iincwadi ngodongwe? Apho kwithala odumileyo leencwadi ngodongwe?

Akumangalisi bathi ukuba ixabiso elikhulu ngomhla inkcazelo. Ulwazi ekunene, abantu benze nantoni na abayifunayo. Sasisazi ngayo kunye ookhokho bethu. Kuqalwe kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo iincwadi ngodongwe ukubonisa ukuba bazama ukulungisa kubo bonke ngaphezulu okanye zexabiso ngaphantsi.

Hi ndlela leyi, yintoni na udongwe le ncwadi? Ukuba awuyazi impendulo yalo mbuzo, sicebisa ufunda eli nqaku. Kuyo uya kufumana iimpendulo yonke imibuzo yabo evela entsimini.

ulwazi zembali

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba impucuko kakhulu yakudala, leyo bafikelela-ixesha yonke zebhola wakhe, yena eMesopotamiya. Zivela malunga namawaka asixhenxe iminyaka phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu kwindawo ngokuphawulekayo esinyuliweyo ngempumelelo, kwintlambo ekudibaneni yemilambo emikhulu - i vekele kunye umEfrate. Ukuba eli lizwe kwakuhlala Sumerians engaqhelekanga yaye kungakholeleki, ababezibiza i "abantu Blackheads."

ulwazi ukuphumelela

I Sumerians zaziwa ngokuba izazi zamandulo. ngeenkwenkwezi It nabavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi musa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iimfundiso yamandulo ihlabathi lethu. icebo yabo iye yaba yinto ngoonobumba obalaseleyo. Le inkqubo yokubhala, imiqondiso okungafani nemivalo njengesiqhelo, noxolelwano. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yaso yokubhala got igama layo engaqhelekanga.

Ngaloo eminyaka kuphela ekhoyo izinto lokubhala udongwe. Kakade ke, into ayikwazanga kubhalwa apha esikhumbeni. Kodwa! Okokuqala, enxibe yesikhumba - iqhekeza eqolo, nkqu ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje. Okwesibini, abantu wayesazi ukuba esongwayo yesikhumba akasayi kusinda umlilo, ukuhlasela kweempuku okanye ngexesha lemvula. Ingakumbi ukhathazeke ngale nabaqokeleli-rhafu, ababolekisi imali, oogqirha ... Ngamafutshane, bonke abo bantu omsebenzi ixhomekeke ngqo phezu ukuthembeka kolwazi befumana. Kodwa yintoni na udongwe le ncwadi? Kakade ke, iinkcukacha phezu lincinane kakhulu ...

ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe

Enyanisweni, badubule amacwecwe odongwe, phezu komhlaba lowo lisetyenziswa kwi oomabhalane inkcazelo phambi kokuba kuphoswa ezikweni billet ethambileyo. izitena Modern phezu kwamanzi apho kukho uphawu umenzi, enyanisweni - i "ncwadi" efanayo.

I "media" yokuqala yale hlobo ezazenziwe kwiminyaka engaphezu amawaka amane phambi kwexesha lamaKristu. Imilo nobukhulu ezi "ncwadi" zahlukile kakhulu. Ngaba tyaba, khaxa, mbhoxo, isikwere, "incwadi" ... Ezinye zazo olulingana kwincwadi rhoqo, kodwa ke omnye idiagonal ngaphezu 45 cm! Nantso into udongwe ncwadi.

Indlela ukudala incwadi onjalo?

Ithekhnoloji yayilula, kude kakhulu, kuqala wakubeka umbhali sizilungisile, ebumba workpiece kwi gungqi kwaye kwinqanaba komhlaba, yaye ngoko, nixhobe ngentonga elo, waqala yayama ngaphandle kwileyibhile abalinganiswa ngoonobumba lwe-alfabhethi. "Ukuphatha" umbhali bakhe bamandulo igcinwe malunga ngendlela efanayo ukuba namhlanje sifumene ipensile. Jonga abantwana bedlala, into ozama ukubhalela kuyo ibhokisi yesanti: enyanisweni, zithelekiswa iinkosi zamandulo.

Ukuqinisekisa flatness kwaye okukhona isicelo kubalinganiswa ngodongwe, phambi kokuqala i ipleyiti laziwa ngokusebenzisa umtya uqhuba. Amaxesha amaninzi umbhali bazalisa nje amacala amabini incwadi, kodwa wakwazi ukubeka ulwazi eziphelweni zalo. "Abasebenzi be-ofisi" yamandulo edubula uxwebhu ogqityiweyo eziko. Noko ke, ngokufuthi "iphepha" ezingabalulekanga womisa nje elangeni. Ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile umabhalane zange abe ixesha ukugqiba umsebenzi wabo go mnye, lisongelwe engutyeni workpiece esifumileyo.

Njengoko abantu kukhokelwa amacwecwe?

yakwazi yaseSamariya umbono indawo yeleta wayengekho. Ngokwendalo, ngokuba indalo yokuqokelela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokubanzi imimiselo, uluhlu lwe impahla okanye into elolo hlobo inqwaba eseleyo xa amakhulu kumacwecwe odongwe. Njengokuba kubhaliwe kwathiwa elungiselelwa "isiqulatho" yale ncwadi? Ngapha koko, i uphendlo enobuchule wayengekho apho?!

I-avareji Incwadi yaseSamariya kwaye eneneni kwakuba neshumi elinesibini amacwecwe wapheka. Ukusuka kwindawo nje phandle - phantsi ubhalo lokugqibela kwiphepha sifake nzulu ukuwela umgca, naphantsi kubhalwe inombolo incwadi, yona phambili kwesicatshulwa. Amagama badla lizale amazwi abo okuqala. Ingaba embhoxo kukho ukhetho ukugcina uxwebhu kokungagqibekanga ngendlela efanayo liLizwi Microsoft?

Ngoko safunda ukuba iincwadi udongwe. Kodwa apho ukugcina yonke le ubutyebi behlabathi bamandulo? Kanye ngoku, kuba ezi njongo khona ithala leencwadi. Ngoko ke umsebenzi thala - omnye omdala kwaye ehlonelwayo ehlabathini.

ilayibrari yamandulo

Konke oku kubaluleke kakhulu ... Kodwa apho iincwadi elayibrari udongwe? Lowo yaba yeyokuqala kwimbali yoluntu?

Xa sele zikude 1841, ikomkhulu France bothuka ngocingo umyalezo ukusuka Arabia: "Ndikholelwa ukuba ukufunyanwa wam nezakhiwo zamandulo. Mhlawumbi bayakwazi na isizathu ingabalelwa ixesha kweentyatyambo kweNineve. " Lo mntu uthumele umyalezo uPawulos-Emile Botta. Yena zaseAsiya Society of France wamthuma azifumanele kweBha- eNineve. Isimanga, kodwa unako ukukwenza oko, kwaye ithala lokuqala leencwadi zodongwe kwakhona ukuba ifumaneke kuluntu.

Kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa onke amaphephandaba enkulu ixesha zibe zizele sematheni ezithandwayo ndibalisa komkhulu obafunyanwa ziinzululwazi. Ke ukuba bebabaza enjalo wayefanele: emva koko, kodwa kude kube yimini inzululwazi esemthethweni ayinalo naliphi data ubuncinane kangangoko abathile babeza kuba yadlula kwixesha iiphiramidi ngamaYiputa amandulo. Phakathi kwezinto ezafunyanwa kwakukho Botta kunye nethala leencwadi zodongwe. City of INineve nje ubungqina bokuba ukuba i nyaniso, kodwa ekuncedeni uluntu iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo, equlethwe "kumaphepha" amacwecwe odongwe ekhethekileyo.

Asiriya ilayibrari

Ngowe-1852, enye abembi ezinkulu ngexesha lakhe, Genri Ostin Layard, kakhulu, kumangaliswa ihlabathi indawo ekhethekileyo. Wakwazi ukwemba ngaphandle ebhotweni lokumkani wokugqibela waseAsiriya Ashurbanipal, leyo ababephila ngentlonelo ngokuba "Indlu ukhokelo kunye namacebiso." Yaba ukuba kukho ixabiso kakhulu ngokwasengqondweni baloo maxesha - ithala elikhulu leencwadi ngodongwe, apho ookumkani baseAsiriya eqokelelwe lonke ixesha lokulawula kwakhe.

Indida zembali: phantse iminyaka yezikhumbuzo ebhaliweyo kakhulu ezixabisekileyo kwiinkulungwane adlulileyo walala babekunye kwigumbi elingaphantsi kwe kwiMyuziyam yaseBritani. Kwaba kuphela emva kokuba amanyathelo okuqala kwenziwa yonke ezama kwimibhalo abantu bamandulo, ekugqibeleni mbali ndayibona indlela ezixabisekileyo (kodwa into apho, nanto!) Ubuncwane zenyuka ukuqokelela uthuli kwi nasemagumbini ... Ukususela ngoko waqalisa kuqondwe ngendlela zonke iincwadi.

Le mpumelelo inkulu Ashurbanipal

Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama namawaka amathathu kusahlula mzuzu xa ukumkani wokugqibela nengoophuma bizela amazwi akhe lusithe umbhali eziye basinda kwelingaphantsi iinkulungwane. Uthi ukuba umthetho makangankqonkqozi imibhalo ilitye, imisebenzi yobugcisa yoncwadi, abathe fundanga okanye ukufunda ngamalungu alo. Ukumkani waveza phandle, yena uyazingca ukukwazi kwakhe ukufunda kunye umyalelo wakhe ukwahlula kwithala ibe zokwahlula.

Hi ndlela leyi, yayiyintoni na umbutho iincwadi zethala leencwadi udongwe? Enyanisweni, ukuba akukho eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukususela namhlanje. Kakade ke, kwiyantlukawano ngohlobo wayengekho, kodwa incwadi nje ukuba kuhlelahlelwe ngumbhali, ilizwe njalo njalo .. Zonke imithombo ebhalwe zabekwa nezinye izinto ezinkulu. Elayibrari uye ekhokelwa rangers. kulapho kwakukho kwithala leencwadi ngodongwe, wawavulayo impucuko yokuqala mihla.

Kufuneka ke ukuba iintsalela ayikho kangako. Uninzi iincwadi ngelo xesha yahlulwe amagophe ezahlukeneyo, ukwenzela ukuba izakhi lisekhona.

ilayibrari enkulu

Ndimele ndithi ukuba igama Ashurbanipal esazi asinda zeminyaka. Into yokuba ukumkani uye wazibonakalisa ukuba umququzeleli abanetalente kakhulu, sezopolitiko clever yaye indoda abanomdla ngokwenene inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi. Kubonakala ukuba ngelo xesha kunzima omnye yingqwayi ngenkankulu wayeza kufumana ixesha olo qeqesho.

Wabeka inzame Herculean ngokwenene ukubonisa eyona kwi udongwe lo gama iincwadi zethala le isimo sakhe. City of INineve iziko yenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko Asiriya nje kuphela kodwa onke amazwe ezikhoyo ngoko. Wacel umthetho ekhethekileyo, njengoko apho lizwe waqalisa ukuqhuba amakhulu nababhali, ekhangela zonke iisampulu yobugcisa ngomlomo. Ukufumana enjalo, ukuba obuyi- lwaza wathumela imali zokugcina. Nantsi indlela iincwadi zethala zodongwe iNineve wafumana ingqokelela incwadi nanto.

It got iikopi ngqo yesicatshulwa, ebhalwe kumaxesha amandulo eYiputa, yaye uninzi Asiriya, iBhabhiloni kunye waseAkkad. Xa elayibrari yafunyanwa ngama Botta, sase malunga 20,000 iithayile. izazinzulu Modern abahlalutya walondoloza data, wakhala kakhulu, mhlawumbi, ekuqaleni ubuncinane izicatshulwa 100,000 kwi nasemagumbini ukuba ukugcina! Awu, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo baphulukana ngonaphakade impucuko yethu. Ilayibrari odumileyo leencwadi zodongwe yaba namandla ukunyanzela ixesha destructional.

Le iisampulu ezininzi ezixabisekileyo yokugcina yamandulo

Kungekudala kwacaca ukuba Asiriya namaBhabhiloni wayesazi ngokugqibeleleyo izibalo. Sele amawaka amabini eminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lamaKristu izazinzulu bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezinzima kakhulu zejometri. Enyanisweni, edume Gardens Hanging waseBhabheli ngaphandle izibalo bekuya kuba nzima ukwenza, ukuze izazinzulu kuqinisekiswa kuphela liyavumelana zabo.

Apho ixabiso elikhulu isebenza ngeenkwenkwezi. Abaninzi kubo zabhalelwa phantse iwaka leminyaka kunye nesiqingatha phambi kwexesha Ashurbanipal. Ixabiso ezi ncwadi kukuba kwakulula ukugcina umkhondo kuphuhliso kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo ziggurats, apho aculwa eemboni ezininzi ngexesha lethu, ukuba iyintlahlela kwi zakhiwo ehlabathini. Ukususela kunyaka nonyaka ababingeleli kunye nabo, ukugcina ukuhamba imizimba yasezulwini, efaka ulwazi olukhulu. Them kunye sinexhala mkhulu wangena kule udongwe le ncwadi, ethe ifoto kweli nqaku.

nekhalenda yamandulo

Ngokutsho ulwazi nezesayensi le ncwadi yamandulo, abantu Asiriya neBhabhiloni bakwazi ukuqikelela kwelanga kwenyanga nelanga, wayesazi konke malunga umzila zonke imizimba yasezulwini, nto leyo kungabonwa ngeliso lenyama. Planet ngeenkwenkwezi ngaloo mihla nabo bafunda ukwahlula. Kukho neetafile emininzi kunye izibalo imigama oluphakathi. Ngoko ayimangalisi, kodwa uninzi lwabo zichanekile kakhulu. Oku Akubanga kudala, nokuba wabhala Kazakh umbhali owaziwa kakhulu Suleimenov. "Clay Incwadi", umsebenzi wakhe wokugqibela, ibali lingantoni nje amaxesha ubudala.

Ngokusekelwe imigqaliselo eminyaka ubudala kweNyanga iLanga, ababingeleli wenza ikhalenda zabo. Yena ngeyona ezixabisekileyo abo amaxesha, kuba akuvumelekanga ukwazi ixesha lokuqala lokudala nokuvunwa kwezityalo. Akumangalisi ke, ngeenkwenkwezi Asiriya neBhabhiloni wayekuthanda abanembeko nozuko kwihlabathi lamandulo.

ulwazi Geographical amandulo

Ndinomdla kakhulu kwiiatlasi geographical-mbali bamandulo, "nayo kwafunyanwa phakathi iincwadi eliseleyo. Nangona namakhadi isintu impela, kuba kwakunzima ukuba ukwazi kucacile ezweni laseYiputa Urartu. Asiriya nkqu izikhokelo yokwenene geography, nto leyo ibonisa amagama amazwe kunye kwamantloko azo, amagama imilambo kunye nemimandla ezinkulu. Noko ke, isixhobo kwehlabathi ezingqongileyo, babesazi mncinane kakhulu, ubukhulu becala ekhokelwa lemibono kumnandi.

Ngenxa yoko, udongwe iincwadi zokuqala isimo sendawo ihlabathi lethu ijongwa embindini izinto zonke. Nakuba kunjalo, phantse iingcinga yagqabhuka kunye izazinzulu zamaXesha Aphakathi, ngoko akukho nto ayimangalisi.

imboni Medical

bhetele, oko buqapheleke ukusuka azibhala zonyango igcinwe. Impucuko aseBhabhiloni Asiriya wayekholwa ukuba izifo ezibangelwa nje yimimoya engendawo. Le ncwadi iqulethe eninzi umlingo ukuqhuba le yokugqibela. Ababhali-mbali baye bafumana uluvo onegunya igqirha baloo maxesha, owabhala malunga imfuneko lokubumba umfanekiso sodongwe yidemon ohlupha umzimba umguli. Emva kwale unodoli ukuluma ukutshabalalisa.

Emangalisayo, kodwa kwiimeko ezinjalo, iye yafikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo okumangalisayo uqhaqho. Ngenxa yoko, iincwadi zonyango kumacwecwe odongwe ngayo nkqu (kubandakanywa ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje) nzima kakhulu uqhaqho esiswini. Noko ke, le Asiriya ifikelele eziphakamileyo hayi zonke, umzekelo, xa umsebenzi intliziyo yezonyango kwexesha ingqalelo njenge "nguvimba umphefumlo," kwaye indima zobuchopho kubantu ngokubanzi abazange ukrokrela nto.