Seven Wonders: Oomasinyusane Enkulu, isisitheliso Gardens waseBhabheli, lo mfanekiso kaZeyus e Olympia, endlwini Artemis, i Umakhi of Halicarnassus, i sondo yaseRhodes, Lighthouse of Alexandria

ezimangalisayo esixhenxe yehlabathi lamandulo - umzekelo ukuthandwa ezizodwa lwezinto kunye izakhiwo. Yeyona lesikhumbuzo kakhulu imbali, elingcwele, iinkokeli ingqondo, ukuyila ezihlekisayo bezakhiwo nabakhi ubugcisa. muntu amawaka eminyaka inceda lokuphinda izinto ezingekhoyo bezenkcubeko elilifa ezifumene Isihloko jikelele "The Seven Wonders of the World." Amavo ngokudalwa wezandla zabantu, yanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba; indikhathaza iingqondo izama ezintsha.

Seven Wonders yamandulo zehlabathi

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka zehlabathi samandulo uluhlu ezikhumbuzo ezibalaseleyo lula xa sisondela isifaniso nesilinganiso mihla ezinika ezithandwayo kunye nezimo. Uluhlu imisebenzi ezisixhenxe zehlabathi ingaqatshelwa yokuqala idumileyo kwimbali iincwadana abakhenkethi. Kodwa ukubaluleka kolu luhlu elifutshane ezinqabileyo kakhulu nzulu kakhulu. Ngelishwa, izakhiwo ezukileyo azikhange zigcinwe. Ixesha ngozi, iintlekele zemvelo kunye imfazwe wasindisa nemimangaliso asixhenxe kunoko, ukususela-6 ukuya kwesi-7.

Imbali omnye amahlandinyuka izintlu edumileyo iqala ngaphambili zikude impucuko ehlabathini. Mhlawumbi ingcamango zohambo nokubukela amangcwaba emhlabeni eMntla Afrika, iPersi, iBhabhiloni kunye Greece yamandulo aphuma omkhulu Aleksandra Makedonskogo, oyisa kwi BC ngenkulungwane IV. e. inxalenye ebalulekileyo yehlabathi eyaziwayo ngelo xesha. Kucelwa ukuba umphathi olumkileyo akazange kusinda ubuhle kwesisu, nto leyo ilandela iphiramidi of Cheops eYiputa. Iinzame ezidibeneyo ye bahambi, angaboyisi, abaphengululi, ababhali kudala kunye Ages Aphakathi ezo zinto zabuya echaza ezikhumbuzo kakhulu kudala. Kukholelwa ukuba omnye kwizintlu zokuqala imisebenzi zehlabathi asebenza mbali bamandulo uHerodotus iminyaka 450 phambi kokuqala ixesha elitsha. Peru umphengululi ebalaseleyo kunye imbongi yamandulo Greece - uPhilo of Byzantium - bobabo-ngqangi "Ngomhla imimangaliso ezisixhenxe zehlabathi", owayebonakele ehlabathini BC kunyaka 300. e.

E Greece yamandulo, inani 7 ingqalelo zobugqi, ngoko ke inani leendawo kuluhlu kutshintshe kangangeenkulungwane. Iincwadi ezisixhenxe ehlabathini - uluhlu athe wehla mihla kulo mbongo umbhali yamandulo yesiGrike avuza of eTsidon. Wabhala malunga namangcwaba tofotofo, izakhiwo itempile entle, ezikhumbuzo ubungakanani ezinkulu kunye imiyezo ejingayo.

Iiphiramidi ezinkulu

Yi KumaXesha Aphakathi, xa kwasekwa ezaziwayo-kakuhle uluhlu kule mihla Classic "Seven Wonders of the World", esigcinwe ehlabathini kwaye ziyafumaneka ukuze zihlolwe iiphiramidi zaseYiputa, eyakhelwe ngasentshonalanga elunxwemeni lomlambo. Ezikhumbuzo endala asusela ixesha ukususela 2700 kude 2550-th iminyaka BC. e. Of kwishumi iiphiramidi e Giza ukuba emithathu ingakumbi ukubabulala ngenxa ubungakanani kunye nobukhulu umsebenzi wokwakha.

Okuncomekayo ulondolozo ezilungileyo izakhiwo, abafumana iminyaka eliqela searing nobushushu imini nobusuku ekhalayo yokubanda, xa entlango, ngokutsho balapho, "amatye bekhala." kuye kwabonakala Bulelani imilinganiselo ngqo, leyo ezazingekho nzima ixesha layo olukhulu yoyilo lobunjineli kunye elula zenziwa. Ngaphandle izibalo elukhuni kulwakhiwo umgama efunekayo ukuze kwandiswe iibhloko ilitye elinzima kakhulu, bebafundisa ukuba kwindawo ephakamileyo.

Pyramid of Giza

The Great nePiramidi Cheops eYiputa ithathwa nezimanga edume kakhulu ehlabathini. UFaro KHUFU, owayelawula kwiminyaka 2584-2561 BC. e., uyiqondile isicwangciso nenxa yokwakha necropolis yayo e Giza. Ukudala iphiramidi kunye wasibiyela ukwakhiwa eehektare 13 zomhlaba iye yabekelwa bucala. Ukwakhiwa Pyramid Great ngomnye weyona mizekelo zokuqala kwaye uninzi iphawulekayo indibanisela yenzondelelo oluntu, ukuyila kunye izibalo zobunjineli. Ulwakhiwo necropolis ekunokuthiwa ngayo iprojekthi yembali amaninzi ixesha elide, banikwe ukungabikho zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye nezixhobo zokwakha eYiputa yamandulo.

KHUFU bephiramidi omkhulu, Nentabalala iiholo zangaphakathi, amaziko kunye namagumbi. Ukongeza koku yena wasebenza iminyaka 3800 songeza uluhlu anikezelwa kumagatya akumanqanaba aphezulu umntu-ezenziwe ehlabathini (146.7 iimitha ngonyaka ka ulwakhiwo ngamnye). Kukho ezininzi zokutolikwa neengcaciso enxulumene uhlobo nenjongo Pyramid Great. Xa slide ecaleni ubuso izakhiwo odlayo imitha yelanga yimvula, kuba ocace gca abalawuli yamandulo eYiputa, owayefuna, ezinjengezi imitha yiya umzimba kaThixo wasezulwini emva kokufa kwakhe.

Le Gardens Ulenga waseBhabheli e Iraq

Beautiful gadi amandulo isixeko akarhulumente waseBhabhiloni zakhiwa ngukumkani omkhulu uNebhukadenetsare II malunga 605 BC, unyaka. e. Abaphandi-ngqangi yamandulo bathi uyilo landscape umlawuli omangalisayo yamandulo ezivunyweyo isicelo omnye wabafazi yakhe ayithandayo ulangazelela imithi kunye kwilizwe ingca. Ulenga Gardens waseBhabheli - eyona obufihlakeleyo ngemimangaliso kuluhlu. Bona singqongwe yeentsomi namabali, indawo ngqo izibonelelo zafunyanwa iintsalela izakhiwo imbi.

Abanye abaphandi zisenamathandabuzo yehlabathi lamandulo ukuba ubukho epakini yamandulo ezinhle phezu kwentaba nje kumzantsi Baghdad yanamhlanje. Mhlawumbi gadi eyenziwe ukuxoxa iingcinga? Ngembali ulwazi encinane kakhulu echanileyo, izibakala ezibhaliweyo encwadini yeembali zookumkani eBhabheli. Kodwa iimbongi zamandulo zamaGrike zazifundisa ukuba ababingeleli walungisa le projekthi ye-Gardens Hanging, wayalela indalo yazo. Diodor Sitsiliysky wachaza imiyezo-level multi ukuphakama-22 m, mayixhotyiswe kamatshini kokususa amanzi avela ezikufuphi kumlambo iEfrati.

Le mbali Greek uStrabo wathetha kwezitiya ezintle oluxande nasemagumbini enhle kunye izinyuko uphakamisa abantu kunye namanzi phezulu. Ngomhla kwamaxandeka kwindawo ngezitena ezinqatyisiweyo 400 m ² amakhoboka ndatyala kuyo imithi kunye neentyatyambo, phezu igadi emangalisayo ukhuselwe eluphahleni. Umntu ukuqonda isizathu sokuba abantu bomhla lalichukumisekile Gardens Hanging waseBhabheli. E Iraq, kumhlaba ngokoma kweMilambo yamandulo, kuba kunzima kakhulu ukwenza indawo enkulu manicured uhlaza ndawo. Encwadini yeembali zembali izitiya ibonisa entle ntofontofo. Azuze ugqibelele kwakungelula, le ndawo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ufumana imvula encinane. Gadi zatshatyalaliswa ziinyikima eziliqela ezenzeka kwiinkulungwane ezimbini emva kokuba uNebhukadenetsare engukumkani.

Statue kaZeyus e Olympia

Ngaphandle kokuba wayekhona kwakhiwa malunga BC 430 kaThixo. e. etempileni, apho nomkroli Phidias umfanekiso kaZeyus yamiselwa. E Olympia, eGrisi, kwisakhiwo zonqulo, elingcwele, uthixo ophakamileyo, wayakha iminyaka 10 iminikelo zoluntu. I Sanctuary lwakhiwe nezemarmore, balomeleza kwivaranda kakhulu lekalika yasekuhlaleni. Umphezulu yangaphandle iindonga zazihonjiswe kunye BAS-imikrolo, apho abakroli lokuphinda iintsomi malunga ngokubulaleka 12 uMofokeng - uTshawe wasentsomini, unyana sithixo. Itempile ifikeleleka ngendlea edlula neengcango ezinkulu ezenziwe ngobhedu.

Inxalenye ebonakalayo kwindawo yehlelo ezinabantu isifanekiso kaZeyus. E Olympia, eGrisi, elingcwele nkulunkulu yamandulo Olimpiki Games. Sculpture ayidalwanga ngaxeshanye ekwakheni itempile, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha iye yaba amabhongo kakhulu kwaye nxalenye zobungangamela le tempile. Umfanekiso UZeyus Phidias kwamanqwanqwa yokuphumla okubanzi, ukuphakama kwayo kunye wenqwelwana nama-15 m. Ephakamileyo uThixo Olympus uhleli etroneni yokwaleka baso nengubo, esetyenziswa ekugqibezeleni lwendlovu.

Musa ukoyika ngenxa ukhuseleko eqingqiweyo yamaGrike amnyanzela ukuba athwale kuye eConstantinople, kodwa umlilo watshabalalisa indalo emangalisayo. Nangona lesikhumbuzo into engekhoyo, lihlale kuluhlu i "Seven Wonders of the World." Statue kaZeyus kuboniswe imizobo, kukuba imodeli yayo udlulisele ngokuchanileyo ubunzulu nomkroli yoyilo, bemdumisa isithixo yamandulo. Kwezintsuku unokuthelekelela kuphela ubukhulu iyinene kule lesikhumbuzo, isimo sengqondo amaGrike kuThixo, into ke abayilindileyo besoma anconywa kwiitempile zabo kunye namakhaya.

Uyazibuza e-Efese

Ukwakhiwa itempile enikelwe yothixokazi yesiGrike ngokuzingela zasendle, kwagqitywa ngo-550 BC. e. Efese mmangaliso kudla ngokuthiwa njengomnye edumileyo "elide": ulwakhiwo lwalo kwaqhubeka malunga 120 neminyaka. Ababephila akazange azi ukuba isakhiwo zonqulo uya kungena uluhlu "Seven Wonders of the World." Indlu ka-Artemis (Artemis) e-Efese kwisakhiwo esikhulu ibhastile. Abakhi lwendlovu imihlathi yakhe emalunga neyi, ugqunywe uphahla somthi, esibe ithayile. Kule sakhiwo amazing ababephila wambetha indibanisela evumelanayo yomhombiso elingaphakathi ekuyilweni lwangaphandle weso sakhiwo.

Itempile, eyakhiwe isakhiwo marble esihle nguye oza kuluhlu imisebenzi for avuza samaSidon - umsunguli kolu luhlu odumileyo. Herostrat - Greek abaselula - wayitshisa indlu ka-Artemis e-Efese (Turkey). Esi siganeko senzeke ehlotyeni ka-356 BC. e. isenzo okungenaluzsini kwabangelwa ndamvuselela kakhulu ukuba odumileyo kwizigaba, ukuphumeza udumo. Abemi abanomsindo Herostratus agwetyelwe ukufa yaye wawukwalela kulikhankanya igama lakhe. Temple of Artemis e-Efese baqalisa ngokuthe kwakhona naxa abalawuli Turkish, kodwa waphinda sitshabalalisa Isibingelelo samandulo, eli xesha yi ngamaGoth. Esi sakhiwo elitsha wambuyisela sadilizwa ngokupheleleyo kunyaka 401 iqaqa of anenzondelelo zonqulo ikhokelwa ngu Archbishop kaConstantinople.

Sondo of yaseRhodes

Enye ebalulekileyo yamandulo ezaziwa kakhulu - i sondo of yaseRhodes eGrisi. ukubonakala kwakhe lo lesikhumbuzo wamazwi sanyanzeleka yamandulo isixeko-ithi likhona kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini phambi kokuba isiqalo sexesha elitsha. Abantu kunye nababusi yaseRhodes wagqiba ekubeni phambili imemori lomzabalazo noloyiso nxamnye unaliso linye Antigone, babhiyozele kwesiqalekiso zokungqinga. izithuthi Mortal zaye ngxa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ingxilimbela umxhasi ongcwele yaseRhodes - uthixo onguHelios - 30 m ukuphakama.

Akwaziwa xa waqala ukwakha, kwi imithombo ababhali yamandulo acaphula imihla ezahlukeneyo. Umbhali-mbali bamaxesha amandulo, uPliny wabhalela kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa sondo wakha iminyaka eli-12. Icwangcisa nomfanekiso ngobhedu of onguHelios - uthixo kwelanga - zaba abakroli Greek. lesikhumbuzo Giant yafakwa kwi promontory ezinqatyisiweyo avulwe system kunye iintonga zentsimbi.

Uluhlu i "Seven Wonders of the World" iphelelwe emehlweni emva kwenyikima olomeleleyo eGrisi. Sondo ayikwazanga ukumelana amandla komhlaba kanye yatshatyalaliswa emva kweminyaka 56 kuphela emva kokuvela kwakhe kwi izibuko yaseRhodes. ngoko nangoko imifanekiso Fall saphawula Delphic yezihlabo. izangoma wamandulo wathi abahlali yaseRhodes uThixo umsindo onguHelios. Umlawuli waseYiputa bathembisa ukundinceda ekubuyiselweni lesikhumbuzo, kodwa wala.

Engcwabeni enhle Halicarnassus

engcwabeni emhlophe Isigebenga ezakhelwe bebeba obephethe lelinye lawona maphondo bamaPersi - Mausolus - ngokwemiyalelo umfazi wakhe, owayehlala Halicarnassus. Nguwo lo ummandla iiholide mihla Bodrum kunxweme Aegean. Yamangcwaba of Halicarnassus e Turkey kwakhiwa abakroli zamaGrike. Ulwakhiwo ibiphezulu ephambili ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ethwele yephiramidi Lingcwaba iikholam 36. Le umfazi Mausolus bayisindisile akukho mali yolwakhiwo amangcwaba ngentla-phantsi, naye umlotha wakhe ukuba yamangcwaba yinzwakazi.

Mandulo sikuxabisa akanaso kwingcwaba Halicarnassus. Ubuhle yokwakha ngesakhiwo neempawu balo bachukunyiswa kuphela oosonzululwazi zamaGrike yaye iimbongi, kodwa ke avuza jikelele. Ifudusiwe okhankanywe yeziKronike zembali ukuba isindululo ukuqwalasela ulwakhiwo omnye wemimangaliso yehlabathi. Engcwabeni ngenkulungwane XV of Halicarnassus oko folokohlo emva komhlaba, kunye namatye zasetyenziswa yakha Bodrum. Ngoku, xa kufikwa iindleko omkhulu zomngcwabo, ukhumbula uKumkani Mausolus, elisuke laba imodeli ubutyebi ubukhazikhazi ubomi obutofotofo.

Lighthouse on Pharos

Lighthouse waseAlexandria kwi Pharos kwisiqithi wayengomnye kakhulu phakathi kwezakhiwo bamandulo, noseko lwalo phantse 400 eemitha ubude. Yaba ke iinqanawa lokuqala kwimbali, ulwakhiwo esiza kusetyenziswa odumileyo ezininzi ngelo xesha, ubugcisa ezintsha. umyili Greek Sostratus wadala iprojekthi ngokwemiyalelo yomlawuli uPtolemy II ngo-304 BC. e. Iinkqubo isilumkiso Indlela ibheyi ezidlulileyo Alexandria Pharos sisiqithi kwiMeditera wadala ngokwezigaba kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20. Lighthouse wayelumkisa of kwamanzi ka Pharos, emi ngazo indlu leyo yakhiwa.

Uyilo ibe ezinde ezintathu emarmore lume, ukuphakama kwawo kukonke ziyahluka ukusuka 120 ukuya-140 m. Inxalenye yokugqibela yi itankana, umlilo uvutha phezu kwalo. Nabasunguli baye basungula indlela ukuvelisa vangama solar ngqo nge yezibuko ngosuku beep. Abalungiseleli Night esiphezu nesiko siyakhuthazeka umlilo. Ukuba ilanga emini khange, oomatiloshe wabalumkisa womsi. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, uyilo yayigqalwa ukwakhiwa aphezulu ngumntu.

iinyikima abaliqela zonakala kakhulu Lighthouse ezimangalisayo Alexandria on Pharos. Noomatiloshe, amajoni, abarhwebi kunye nabahambi kufuneka kokuba ibuyiselwe. Arabhu ahlasela eYiputa, waqalisa ukulungisa wazisa ulwakhiwo ukuya ukuphakama-30 m. Le misebenzi lokwakha ziye zagqitywa, kwaye ngo-1480 kwindawo enye evela izinto ezifanayo, nqaba yakhiwe. Pharos Lighthouse wema phezu kolwandle phantse 1000 iminyaka.

Uluhlu nangezimanga - ilifa kwimbali nenkcubeko yehlabathi

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba izintlu epheleleyo ngakumbi nangokuchanekileyo imisebenzi ye ihlabathi zigcinwe Library of Alexandria - ingqokelela ezinkulu ngqangi yamandulo ehlabathini. Ukugcinwa sonakaliswa ngamandla emlilweni okubangelwa kuhlaselo lwemimandla Yuliya Tsezarya ku Alexandria. Phantse 500,000 iincwadi kunye misongo batshabalalisa amadangatye. Wanyamalala ichibi elikhulu bezenkcubeko elilifa lethu, oko kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiindlela apho kwimbali yehlabathi sele iphumile.

Wonders Zisixhenxe of the World - ezikhumbuzo ezixabisekileyo zobugcisa amandulo bokwakha. Akubalulekanga nje izinto ezintle, kodwa zokwakha ezimbaxa kunye nezisombululo zobugcisa. Ngalinye indalo babekhethekile, iphawuleka ixesha layo. Imimangaliso isikhundla izakhiwo amandulo ezikhumbuzo zakhiwe izazinzulu waziwayo, kwabayili, abalawuli zehlabathi lamandulo. oko kuphela iyavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ukuba ezinye iinguqu kwenziwa kuluhlu, kodwa umongo yaqhubeka igama elifanayo. Uluhlu ngokuqinisekileyo iquka ebalulekileyo ezisixhenxe kwenzeka njani ukususela kwixesha nguHerodotus noPhilo waseByzantium.

Ukususela emangalisayo zehlabathi lamandulo zigcinwe kule mini kuphela nePiramidi Cheops, abanye yawa phantsi Ukuhlasela bakhona, okanye baye bangamaxhoba eentlekele zendalo. Akukho mntu waziyo ncam ofana nezimanga zehlabathi ezintandathu. Yonke imifanekiso ziziphumo zophando lwembali, ukwakha, ababhali-mbali iingcinga kunye namagcisa. isizukulwana ngasinye kuzisa into eyahlukileyo kwelinye ukuze ukuqondwa isenzeko yenkcubeko ngokuba "ezisixhenxe ehlabathini." Nganye kwezi zakudala abe website kwi Internet. Solid imisebenzi yophando lwenzululwazi abazinikele ebalulekileyo eyenziwe ngumntu.

Indima kwiintsomi ekulondolozeni umdla yemimangaliso esixhenxe yehlabathi

uluhlu phezu 2,5 eliwaka iminyaka antique le ezinika ephambili yeHlabathi Old Iyandonwabisa iingqondo abaphandi, abahambi, abantu abaqhelekileyo. Bonke kwinkulungwane edluleyo kunye ezisixhenxe ezimangalisayo ihlabathi phantse eyimfihlakalo. Kuyamangalisa ukuba ababhali bamandulo baye babonisa umnqweno encinane ukwandisa "Top 7", ukubuyisela uluhlu ezinika olutsha iyapheliswa ezikhumbuzo.

Abaphandi bathi umhlaba wamandulo, ukuba umlinganiselo imimangaliso loluhlu odumileyo ebesoloko nentlonelo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba ezikhumbuzo ezisixhenxe amandulo bokwakha kwaye kube ifakiwe omfutshane, kodwa uluhlu olubanzi. nxaxheba ngalinye le "imikhosi u-" imbali iye yaba amanqugwala kazwelonke, into yonqulo yokudunyiswa.

magic inombolo 7 kumaxesha amandulo yayigqalwa likaThixo, ezingenangqondo. Intsomi kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla kwezizwe ezininzi zehlabathi zinxulunyaniswa linani lweziqalelo kwiinkalo ezahlukileyo zobomi. Ngokomzekelo, kwiveki - iintsuku ezisi-7. Nhlamuselo unako ukukhonza njenge isakhiwo langa, okanye mandithi, kubonakala ukuba intetho yentshukumo e-Greece yamandulo. Iliso lenyama abone ilanga, inyanga kunye langa ezintlanu. Amagama yagqabhuka kwi oothixo yamandulo (kaZeyus, likaSaturn, Mars, Venus, Mercury).

Wonders of the World: inguqulelo entsha

Zeziphi ezisixhenxe ihlabathi akhuphisane uyilo emangalisayo, wanyamalala ebusweni planethi? Ngokusekelwe kuluhlu yokuvota online zezinye ezimangalisayo ehlabathini yadalwa, eziye zigcinwe, kwaye banokuba wazibonela. Intshukumo yaququzelelwa zazimbambezela umbundu yesithathu yeminyaka, umbutho ongenzi nzuzo. Lwabasunguli eli nyathelo yebhongo Wasolula ezinye izizathu ezenze ukuba ukwenza ekuqulunqeni izintlu ezahlukeneyo kunye iiseti nqanaba liphezulu ehlabathini of interest:

• ebalulekileyo yamandulo zemveli ebekwe kuphela inxalenye Old yeHlabathi, leyo eziqhelekileyo, kunye nenkcubeko wawahlula zawo;
• kuluhlu zange ukufumana izakhiwo amakhulu kwindawo ezinkulu Asia, kwi Yehlabathi Elitsha nakwezinye;
• ukhetho kwi uluhlu kwenziwe ngokusekelwe iikhrayitheriya, ngokuxhomekeke iingcamango yamaGrike amandulo malunga ezikhumbuzo emangalisayo;
• "Elwandle" baba ngendalo, nto leyo maxa wambi Zizigqithile ubungangamsha imisebenzi yayo ezenziwe ngumntu.

Ukubekwa bawine projekthi, kwagqitywa ukuphumeza ngokwahlukeneyo phakathi ezikhumbuzo izakhiwo kunye nendalo. Ezi ziphumo ushwankathelwa kabini: ngo-2007 no-2011 m ngokulandelelana. Abahlali yamazwe ezimakhulu mabini wathabatha inxaxheba kwisaveyi online. Ngokutsho iziphumo zalo akhethwe "ezazithandwa" - imibombo, ezaziwa abantu abaninzi ehlabathini. Sithetha malunga Great Wall of China, i-Taj Mahal e-India, ukwakhiwa Machu Picchu e Peru Umzantsi Melika, kunye nezinye izenzakalo. Kodwa iKomiti UNESCO wasabela kulo intetho yentshukumo Ivoti ethandwayo - oku indlela eziza kusetyenziselwa ukukhangela imimangaliso, nako endaweni izinto ezenziwe ezingekhoyo kwimbali yehlabathi lamandulo kunye nenkcubeko.