Scholasticism yaseYurophu Western. Yintoni na?

Eli gama kwanda, kwaye kukho mhlawumbi umntu owayeza engeva nto. Scholastica ... ntoni na, ke, uya kukuxelela ayifani ncam wonke. Ngoku ithuba ukuqonda konke oku iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Igama ngokwayo wazalwa ngexesha ubudlelwane feudal kunye nokusekwa kwe-ebizwa ngokuba "Carolingian Renaissance". Ngaloo mihla, alawulwa kwintanda-bulumko patristic kunye yokufunda. Uqeqesho lokuqala ibandakanyeka substantiation lusekiwe imfundiso yobuKristu. Nangona kunjalo, iye phantse ukubaleka ikhondo layo, njengoko Roman Catholic Church esekwe ngokwalo njengoko lubalaseleyo. A scholasticism? Oko kuchazwa ngexesha? Ke wabiza izimvo kwi kukubakho, kunye nokusebenza ukuhlelwa kwazo.

Oku kwi kwimbali yamaKristu into yaba ebhudla bamaXesha Aphakathi. Eli gama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi "namathelani" ( "isikolo"). Ekuqaleni, gqabaza nokulungiselela ubugcisa yaphuhliswa kwizikolo emishini kamva kwiiyunivesithi. imbali yayo nobabunokwahlulwa izihlandlo ezithathu. Okokuqala - eli lixesha xa scholasticism isuka. Eli xesha lidla luqala Boethius kunye epheleleyo Fomoy Akvinatom. Inqanaba lesibini - na intanda-"ugqirha iingelosi 'kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Ke ekugqibeleni, ixesha kamva - kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine-elinesihlanu - xa scholasticism yaqala kunabo ngokwalo njengendlela yokuziqeqesha omkhulu, ingakumbi ngokunxulumene nenzululwazi yezobugqi. xa wabiza umlilo ukugxekwa ngokunxulumene ngokwawo.

Ukuba sizibuze: "Scholastica - yintoni na? Zeziphi iingxaki yena wamvusa "-? Impendulo ngu ngolu hlobo. Zobulumko ngaloo mihla ukuba akwenze ubala inani ziidemon kwincam inaliti rhoqo yokuhlekisa ngawo yaye babe nomdla ekufundeni imibuzo ngolwalamano kolwazi kunye nokholo, nesizathu nokholo, kwakunye nohlobo kunye ukhona. Ngaphezu koko, enye kwezi zishushu ukuze kuxoxwe ngexesha ingxaki eneneni iindidi ekuthiwa-jikelele. Abameli izimvo ezahlukeneyo kulo mba zazibizwa zinjalo kunye nominalists.

Omnye scholastics enkulu yokuqala ingqalelo John Scotus Erigena, owayesaziwa kakuhle kwinkundla Karla Velikogo. Wada nobuganga ukuphendula umlawuli joke odumileyo iminkqangiyelo kwaye kuyingozi. Xa wabuza sobulumko, yintoni umahluko phakathi kweegusha Scot (ukudlala ngamagama ezisekelwe Latin script imvelaphi njengomntwana onengqondo), waphendula ukuba ubude itafile. Isibakala sokuba Eriugena noCarl wahlala malunga. I koMlawuli waqonda uthsuphe yakhe hlazo yaye abazange kuqhubeka. John Scott wabeka phambili ingcamango yokuba phakathi le nkolo kunye bulumko, akukho ukuphikisana, njengoko le kwingongoma nganye inyaniso ingqondo.

Kwinkulungwane XII - kweli xesha le zenkolo kunye nokusekwa iiyunivesiti - ezi scholastics baziincamisa noJohn Rostsellin kunye Anselm Kenterberiysky. Last ukuthetha yaba ingcamango yokuba yokucinga kufuneka subordinated ukholo. era yomfundi nempumelelo luwela kwixesha elinzima kakhulu kubomi Western Europe. Ke zobulumko nguMkristu iinguqulelo Arabhu ukusuka Greek uAristotle yafunyanwa kwaye waqalisa ukuqokelela izimvo neetekisi engcwele ngokususela kwinkqubo kunye nengqiqo yokugqibela. Foma Akvinsky and Albert Veliky babonwa abacinga abaye odale kakuhle yaye yagqitywa le hlobo theory. Bona owabeka bulumko wezakwalizwi.

Musa ukulibala ukuba ngaloo mihla iqela lweentsingiselo ku lawula iimfundiso zamaKristu - ingakumbi abo babizwa ngokuba Cathars - wabhala kwakhona azibhala ezininzi izimvo. Nabo ke, wasebenzisa iingxoxo efanayo, nezifundo, iindidi kunye ukuqiqa, esebenzisa Neo-zikaPlato kunye Aristotelian. Kodwa ke ukutshatyalaliswa oku yenkolo ngenxa yomzabalazo bungwanyalala wawo uye wasishiya ithuba ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba yabadlali bulumko lobuKatolika.

Xa scholasticism ngenkulungwane XIV wafumanisa babizwa ngokuba "Via modernity" - indlela entsha. Sembethe oku School Oxford (Ockham, Duns Scotus), owandinyulayo ukwenza isifundo ulwazi kuphela izinto ezikhoyo ngenene, yintoni wavula indlela eya iindlela zale mihla-Natural Sciences and Mathematical. Nangona kunjalo, bonke bulumko lwangaphambili kuye kwasekwa-siseko engundoqo ndlela yenzululwazi, uphawu kwimfundo yaseyunivesithi, kuquka izinto ezifana unxulumano kunye nezixhobo zenzululwazi. Ngoko ke umbuzo: "Scholastica - yintoni" - sithi kakuhle kangaka. Le ixesha ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali bulumko, ngaphandle apho kuya kubakho akukho inzululwazi mihla okanye iindlela eziphambili indlela yayo.