Yintoni na kwingongoma nganye inyaniso bulumko?

Iinqobo yenyaniso - le ndlela, apho ulwazi, coinciding isihloko wakhe, zingahlukaniswa kubuxoki. Zobulumko ukususela kumaxesha amandulo wafuna ukuba ingcamango lolwazi, nto leyo iya kuba yinyaniso ezahlukeneyo elililo, ungabi sisizekabani ukubambana aziyi kukhokelela lako lobuxoki ekuhlalutyeni kwento phantsi isifundo. Abaphengululi yamandulo Parmenides, uPlato, Rene Dekart, yaye kamva wezakwalizwi ephakathi Augustine yaqulunqa imfundiso neziphakamiso isegazini okwenyaniso namabinza. Ethetha ulwazi, ukuba bejonge iimpawu ukufumanisa iinxa zonke, nokuchaneka ekuhlalutyeni mihlaba, umgangatho kunye nohlobo izifundo. Ngoko ke, ezi khrayitheriya enya- akuyona ngazo ukuqinisekisa inyaniso kwinjongo kwingqiqo.

indima yokwenza

bayamenywa abaphengululi yamandulo ukukhangela ukuchana yophando practice, ekubeni ndlela kunokubonwa bodwa evela ingcinga ayinyani kunye unobangela zendalo ukuba akazalani kovavanyo into. iindlela ezifana inyaniso ulwazi ngamava, uqinisekisile ukuba ngononophelo ngenjongo abantu kwangawo yinyani, ngaxeshanye ukufunda kuyo. Xa usenza ubuntu okanye iqela kudala inkcubeko okanye "indalo yesibini", sisebenzisa iintlobo ulwazi, njengoko lwesayensi, kunye nemveliso eziphathekayo, yobugcisa imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni.

amava ngumthombo wolwazi ukuba umntu amandla uqhuba, kuba ebulela kule njengenqobo akakwazi ukubona kuphela ingxaki, kodwa ukuze ufumane izinto ezintsha kunye neempawu yenjongosenzi bafunda okanye senzeko. Noko ke, uvavanyo ulwazi practice, asilo xesha elinye-isenzo, kwaye lube engangqinelaniyo kunye nexesha elide. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukuchonga inyaniso ofuna ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela inyaniso, nto leyo eya kongeza ubunyaniso ulwazi olufunyenwe kwinkqubo kwingqiqo.

criteria zangaphandle

Ukongeza kule nkqubo, nto leyo kwimibhalo zobulumko yenkulungwane XIX wabizwa ngokuba "eziphathekayo dialectical", ukuchonga ubunyaniso ulwazi ndasifumana izazinzulu ecetywayo ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela. Oku "lwangaphandle" criteria inyaniso, eziquka self-guquki kunye nokusebenza, kodwa la magama zitolikwa ambiguously. Ngenxa yoko, azina ingqalelo ubulumko eqhelekileyo yinyaniso, ekubeni kudla bujikelezwe ucalucalulo, yaye ayibonisi yinyani ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inyaniso wokuqala umntu omnye kuphela okanye isangqa eliqingqiweyo labantu, uze kuphela iba impahla kwisininzi.

I self-ukungaguquguquki nayo yayibaluleke, kuba ukuba inkqubo eqhelekileyo yolwazi bajoyine ezinye izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu, ayikho impixano kunye izicwangciso ezisemgangathweni, ayithethi ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka umgwebo entsha. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela lubonakala ngokuba engundoqo obengo, kuba ihlabathi ijongwa xa iyonke, kunye nolwazi malunga kwisifundo esithile okanye ngumkhuba kufuneka kungqinelane kwisiseko zenzululwazi sele lusekiwe. Ngoko ke uyakwazi ukufumana inyaniso, ukuze atyhile bendalo systemic kwaye ubonise uzinzo lwangaphakathi ngokunxulumene eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi ulwazi.

nemibono zobulumko

Ekumiseleni ubunyani yomgwebo uqikelelo into yokuba yacazululwa kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa iindlela zabo. Ngoko ke, indlela yenyaniso bulumko ukuba zininzi kwazo, zingqubane omnye nomnye. Umzekelo, Descartes kunye Leibniz bakholwa ulwazi ngathi ekuqaleni kwaye kubangwe ukuba bafunde ngoncedo intuition ophezulu wokuqonda. Kant wasebenzisa kwiimpawu olusesikweni-ubhalo kuphela ngokungqinelana apho ulwazi kuyakufuneka ukuba ilungelelanise kunye nemithetho jikelele engqiqo nokuqonda.