Intanda of China yamandulo: a ngqo emxholweni kwaye ifundisa. Intanda of India yamandulo kunye China

Sinikezela ifilosofi China yamandulo, isishwankathelo. filosofi chinese unembali, ehlaba emva amawaka eminyaka. imvelaphi yayo unxulunyaniswa kwiNcwadi yoTshintsho, i yakhe evelele yamandulo novumisayo, imvelaphi yayo elandwa 2800 BC, apho banikwa ezinye izibonelelo angundoqo bulumko Chinese. Ubudala bulumko Chinese ukuyiqikelela kalukhuni, ndoxelelwa ngubani kuphela (nezidubula yakhe yokuqala, ngokuqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6), njengoko lisukela emva yomlomo Neolithic. Kweli nqaku uyakwazi ukufumana ukuba yintoni na intanda of China yamandulo, waqhelana ngokufutshane kunye nezikolo ezisisiseko kunye iingcamango.

Ugxininiso intanda-East yamandulo (China) kangangeenkulungwane ubeke inkxalabo aluncedo komntu kunye noluntu, imibuzo malunga ukuhlela indlela ubomi eluntwini, ukuze aphile ngayo ubomi obufezekileyo. Ethics kunye bulumko kwezopolitiko ngokufuthi wathabatha okuphambili ngapha ezikhona kunye obunzulu. Enye inkalo bulumko Chinese ubucinga nohlobo ungubani, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekuphuhliseni umxholo womanyano lomntu kunye ezulwini, umxholo ndawo umntu endaweni yonke.

Izikolo ezine ingcamango

Ezine izikolo ingakumbi nempembelelo zeengcinga kwavela ithuba ezaziwa kwimbali Chinese, olwaqala malunga 500 BC Baba ubuConfucius, Daoism (ngokufuthi ababizwa "zobuTao"), monism kunye ngemvume. Xa China yamanyana qin Dynasty ngo-222 BC, ngokomthetho yamkelwa njengoko bulumko esemthethweni. Amakhosi ongasekhoyo Han Dynasty (206 BC - 222 AD) wathabatha zobuTao, yaye kamva, 100 BC - ubuConfucius. Ezi zikolo baba engundoqo kuphuhliso ingcamango Chinese de kwinkulungwane yama-20. intanda-Buddhist ukuba kwavela BC ngenkulungwane 1st, ihlala ingumdlali isasazeka ngenkulungwane yesi-6 (ubukhulu becala ngexesha lokulawula i Tang Dynasty).

Xa xesha kukwanda kweefektri ngexesha ifilosofi yethu eMpuma yamandulo (saseTshayina), liye lakhula ukuquka ingqiqo waluthathayo bulumko asentshona, nto leyo njengenyathelo maxesha. Phantsi kolawulo Marxism kaMao, kwiStalinism, kunye nezinye ubuKomanisi saka injalo China. Hong Kong and Taiwan baye bavuselela umdla iingcamango zikaConfucius. Urhulumente yangoku ne-Peoples Republic of China ixhasa ngcinga socialism emarikeni. Philosophy China Ancient ishwakathelwe apha ngezantsi.

iinkolelo okuqala

Ekuqaleni le Shang Dynasty ukuba ucinge into yayisekelwe ingcamango yokuphinda, ngenxa mkhanya ngqo endalo: ukutshintsha imini nobusuku, ukutshintsha amaxesha onyaka, i nokuba luzizi inyanga. Le mbono wahlala ezifanelekileyo kuyo yonke imbali Chinese. Ebudeni bolawulo Shang isiphelo wayengakwazi isithixo omkhulu Shang Di, iguqulelwe Russian - ". UThixo uSomandla" zinqula izinyanya naye wayekhona, njengoko imibingelelo kwezilwanyana nabantu.

Xa indlu Shang wabhukuqwa i Zhou ubukhosi, kwabakho yezopolitiko, ezenkolo kunye ezintsha bulumko ingqiqo ka "Igunya weZulu". Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuba umlawuli ayingqinelani kwindawo yayo, oko Kwawa indawo lelinye, sifaneleke ngakumbi. ngabembi ukuba ixesha zibonisa ukufunda nokubhala ukwanda ukurhoxiswa ngokuyinxenye inkolelo Shang Di. Ukunqulwa ookhokho kwanda, njengoko uluntu waba wempangelo ngakumbi.

izikolo ezingamakhulu

Malunga 500 BCE, emva kokuba Zhou elibuthathaka, lafika ixesha ezaziwa bulumko Chinese (phantse ngelo xesha kwakukho zobulumko yokuqala zamaGrike). Eli xesha yaziwa ngokuba Hundred Schools. Kwizikolo ezininzi uyisekile ngeli xesha, kwaye ngeli xesha elandelayo States elwa, i ezine ezona abanempembelelo ubuConfucius, nobuTao, ngokomthetho kunye moizm. Ngeli xesha, kukholelwa ukuba Kofutsy wabhala "amaphiko ezilishumi" kunye uthotho lwamagqabaza kwi I Ching.

era Imperial

Owasungula le-obufutshane qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) onobunye China phantsi kwegunya umlawuli kwaye kwasekwa ngokomthetho njengoko bulumko esemthethweni. Li Xi, umseki wenkqubo yokuphila ngokomthetho kunye Chancellor soMhlekazi yokuqala qin Dynasty uQin Shi Huang, wamcela ukuba ukucinezela inkululeko yokuvakalisa abaziingqondi ukuzisa kunye izimvo kunye neenkolelo zezopolitiko aqhumisele yonke imisebenzi ezaziwa bulumko, imbali kunye nemibongo. Kuphela iincwadi zesikolo Li Xi babeza avunyelwe. Emva kokuba ababelahlekiswe abenzi bamachiza ezibini, wamthembisa ubomi obude, qin Shi Huang angcwatywa ephila abaphengululi 460. Ngemvume ukugcina impembelelo zalo ilizwe, yonke ookumkani ngongasekhoyo Han Dynasty (206 BC - 222 AD) abazange ukwamkela zobuTao, yaye kamva, 100 BC, - ubuConfucius njengoko imfundiso esemthethweni. Noko ke, zobuTao ubuConfucius abazange imikhosi awalithabathayo ingcamango Chinese de kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kwinkulungwane 6 (ubukhulu becala ngexesha ebukumkanini Tang Dynasty) intanda dha sele ezamkelwe jikelele, ikakhulu ngenxa yokufana kunye zobuTao. Oko ke ngelo xesha kwintanda-China yamandulo, lushwankathelwe ngentla.

ubuConfucius

UbuConfucius - iimfundiso ingqokelela yezinto silumko Confucius, owayephila kwiminyaka 551-479. BC

Philosophy China Ancient, konfutsianstvo ngokufutshane angamelwa ngolu hlobo. Le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokucinga yokuziphatha, kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye zonqulo, nto leyo eyabangela ngamandla imbali yempucuko Chinese. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ubuConfucius yinkolo karhulumente ka-Imperial China. iingcamango zikaConfucius ziboniswe nenkcubeko China. Mencius (BC ngenkulungwane 4) wayekholelwa ukuba umntu abe nesidima ekufuneka kulinywa ukuba abe "elungileyo". Sun Tszy wabona yobuntu njengoko ukumimitheka ububi, kodwa ukuba self-discipline and self-nokuphucula inokujikwa ibe nesidima.

Confucius akazange bengazimisele wafumana unqulo entsha, efuna nje ukuba batolike ze yavuselela nqulo ngagama Zhou Dynasty. Inkqubo yamandulo ulawulo yonqulo zoke ngokwayo: Kutheni oothixo kuvumela iingxaki zentlalo kokusesikweni? Kodwa ukuba imimoya ububele ngemvelo, yintoni na isiseko umyalelo yoluntu izinzile, isinxibo sojongo luhleli? Confucius wayekholelwa ukuba lo sisiseko nkqubo ephilileyo, ukusebenza, Noko ke, Zhou inkolo, amasiko ayo. Akazange ukutolika ezi zithethe njengoko imibingelelo oothixo, kodwa emkhosini Ziqulethe iipatheni oluphucukileyo kunye nezenkcubeko yokuziphatha. Ke kuthwelwe ngokuba kuye engundoqo yokuziphatha zoluntu Chinese. Igama elithi "isiko" sasinamasiko zentlalo - imbeko kunye nezithethe owamkelweyo zokuziphatha - kwixesha ngoku yokuziphatha. Confucius wayekholelwa ukuba uluntu oluphucukileyo kuphela ibe inkqubo ezinzileyo ixesha elide. Kwintanda-China yamandulo, iingcamango kunye ukulandela iimfundiso ezininzi ezithathwe ubuConfucius.

zobuTao

ZobuTao - is:

1) Isikolo yokucinga, besusela kwizicatshulwa ezo Tao Te Ching (Lao-Tzu) kunye Zhuangzi;

2) inkolo yesintu Chinese.

"Tao" ngokoqobo lithetha "indlela", kodwa unqulo nefilosofi of China ilizwi wathabatha libe nentsingiselo ezingabonakaliyo. Kwintanda-China yamandulo, inkcazelo emfutshane yayo thaca kweli nqaku, ndiye ndafunda uninzi lweengcamango kolu luvo abstract kwaye obonakala ulula "endleleni".

Yin yang kunye izinto ezintlanu imfundiso

Akwaziwa apho ingcamango imigaqo ezimbini Yin and Yang, mhlawumbi zivela kwi ilixa bulumko yamandulo Chinese. Yin and Yang - imigaqo ezimbini ezisebenzisanayo ogama intsebenziswano Iifomu zonke iziganeko ibingummangaliso kwaye notshintsho esithubeni. Yang - lo mgaqo esebenzayo, kunye Yin - kwisixando sokwenziwa. izinto ezongezelelweyo, ezifana imini nobusuku, ukukhanya nobumnyama, umsebenzi kunye passivity, ubudoda kunye nababhinqileyo, kunye nabanye zibonisa Yin and Yang. Kunye, ezi zinto zimbini zenza i imvisiswano ingcamango ngokuvumelana isebenza amayeza, ubugcisa, ikarati, nokuphila kwabantu of China. Kwintanda-China yamandulo, isikolo ingcamango nazo ithathe ingcamango.

concept Yin-Yang unxulunyaniswa kwithiyori izinto ezintlanu, nto leyo echaza ngeziganeko zendalo nentlalo ngenxa indibanisela izinto ezintlanu ezisisiseko okanye iiarhente isithuba: iinkuni, umlilo, umhlaba, intsimbi kunye namanzi. Intanda of China yamandulo (ngokufutshane ebekwe eyona nto ibalulekileyo kweli nqaku) ngokuyimfuneko iquka ingqiqo.

ngemvume

Ngemvume ithatha inemvelaphi kwiingcamango sobulumko Chinese Ji Zi (310-237 BC.), Ngubani wayekholelwa ukuba imigangatho zokuziphatha ezifunekayo ukulawula notyekelo olubi woMntu. Han Fei (280-233 BC.) Developed olu lwazi a bulumko ebambekayo yileyo yezopolitiko zisekelwe kumgaqo ukuba umntu ufuna ukuphepha isohlwayo kunye ukuze inzuzo yakho, ekubeni abantu ngemvelo lokuzingca nokubi. Ngoko ke, ukuba abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ngokukhululekileyo utyekelo zendalo zabo, oko kuya kukhokelela ekubeni lweemfazwe neengxaki zentlalo. Umlawuli kufuneka alondoloze amandla abo ngoncedo amacandelo amathathu:

1) umthetho okanye umgaqo;

2) indlela, qhinga, ubugcisa;

3) Le semthethweni, amandla, charisma.

Umthetho kufuneka kanzima bobubi ze avuze abo kufanele. Ngemvume wonyulwa ukuba intanda-qin Dynasty (221-206 BC.), I yokuqala emanyeneyo China. Ngokungafaniyo isiyaluyalu enobuchule zobuTao ubuConfucius, ngokomthetho isidima iqwalasela iimfuno komyalelo ibaluleke ngaphezu kwabanye. imfundiso yezobupolitika ngexesha esikhohlakeleyo le BC ngenkulungwane yesine.

Abagcini babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka sikhohliswe siseko bahanahanisi yokufundisa abantwana "izithethe" yaye "ubuntu." Ngenxa yazo, ukuzama ukuphucula ubomi kweli lizwe ngokusebenzisa imfundo kunye neenqobo iziyalezo Kukuze ukusilela. Endaweni yoko, abantu kufuneka urhulumente esomeleleyo ophambili imithetho, ngokunjalo ngabafakwa kwamapolisa, nto leyo iza kufuna ukuba ukuthobela ngamandla buso kunye nemithetho kanzima abaphuli. Owasungula le qin ubukhosi, wayibeka phezu le migaqo owayenguzwilakhe amahle, ecinga ukuba ulawulo wobukhosi bakhe uya kuhlala ngonaphakade.

Buddhism

Intanda of India yamandulo kunye China banezinto ezininzi abafana ngazo. Nangona yamaBhudi eIndiya, kwaba kubaluleke kakhulu China. Kukholelwa ukuba ayikho wabonakala e China ngexesha Han Dynasty. Malunga namakhulu amathathu eminyaka kamva, ebudeni bolawulo eMpuma Jin Dynasty (317-420 GG.), Wagagana-dubulo midlalo. Ngexesha lezi iminyaka emakhulu mathathu, abaxhasi obuBhuda eyayigcwele afikayo, abantu abavela abasuka kwimimandla asentshona Central Asia.

Ngandlel 'ithile, Buddhism akazange yamkelwa e-China. Ubuncinane, kungekhona ngokohlobo Indian kuphela. Intanda of India yamandulo kunye China usenalo ezininzi lweeyantlukwano. Amavo sivame amabali amaNdiya, ezifana Bodhidharma, owatyala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo obuBhuda China, kodwa akukho kukhankanywa encinane kuwo akunakuphepheka tshintsho, oko kuxhomekeke ekubeni imfundiso xa uhambisa kwi kumhlaba amazwe, ingakumbi kwi osisityebi ezinjalo, indlela China ngelo xesha ngokubhekiselele yokucinga bulumko.

iimpawu ezithile Indian Buddhism baba Akukwazi engqondweni practical Chinese. Nesiko yayo eyayize, ilifa ingcamango yamaHindu, Indian Buddhism ngokulula athathe uhlobo lwentlawulo kuhlehliselwe ebonelelwe ukucamngca (sicamngce ngoku, bafikelele Nirvana kamva).

I-Chinese, phantsi kwempembelelo olomeleleyo yesithethe, ukukhuthala ezikhuthazayo nolwaneliseko iimfuno kubalulekile, ayikwazanga ukwamkela oku kunye nezinye izenzo ezibonakala kubomi bemihla ngemihla ingumnqa ayoyakho awungeni ndawo. Kodwa ukuba abantu ezibonakalayo, abaninzi kubo wabona kunye amacebiso ezilungileyo obuBhuda ngokuphathelele abantu kunye noluntu.

War of the Abathetheli esibhozo - imfazwe yamakhaya phakathi kweenkosana ookumkani Jin ubukhosi kwixesha ka 291 306 iminyaka, ngexesha apho abantu abavela zomntla China, ukususela naseManchuria ukuya ngasempumalanga Mongolia, kukho inani elikhulu zibandakanyiwe kwi ezintlwini eentloko ezaxhobela nanceba ..

Malunga nelo xesha, inqanaba inkcubeko China ezopolitiko iye yehla kakhulu bavuselela iimfundiso Lao Tzu kunye chuang Tzu, ngokuthe ngcembe naphaya kwengcinga amaBhuda. UbuBhuda, ezavela e-India, e-China wathabatha imbono eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ingqikelelo Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna (150-250 AD.), Sobulumko Indiya, i-nzulu ngezinto inelona futhe dha emva Gautama Buddha ngokwakhe. main igalelo lalo bulumko dha ibikukuphuhlisa iikhonsepthi sunyata (okanye "imigodi") njengento dha gnoseology nobuntu kunye phenomenology. Emva yokungenisa ku concept China Sunyata watshintshwa ukusuka 'Koswele "kwi" Into ikhona "phantsi kwempembelelo ingcamango emveli ase ka-Lao Tzu kunye chuang Tzu.

moizm

Le ngefilosofi moizm yamandulo China (ngokufutshane) esekelwe Mauzy sobulumko (470-390 BC.), Ngubani wanceda ekusasazeni ingcamango yokuba uthando jikelele, ukulingana nguye lonke uluntu. Mauzy wayekholelwa ukuba imfundiso yemveli impikiswano, ukuba abantu bafuna ukhokelo ukuba ngawaphi amasiko zamkelekile. Xa yokuziphatha moizm ayixhomekekanga yesithethe, kuba kusenokwenzeka ngamazinga kunye utilitarianism, nilwela ezilungileyo nani likhulu. Xa moizm babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente - isixhobo ukubonelela ngesikhokelo kwaye ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza uluntu abaxhamla elona nani likhulu labantu. Imisebenzi ezifana bevuma ingoma, bengqungqa, zazijongwa inkunkuma yezibonelelo ezinokusetyenziswa ukubonelela abantu ukutya kunye nekhusi. Mohists wadala ezabo isakhiwo politiko eziququzelelwe kakhulu, wahlala ezifanelekileyo, aphile ubomi obungqongqo, benza iinjongo zakhe. Bathi nxamnye naluphi na uhlobo sohlaselo kwaye ukukholelwa kumandla kaThixo wamazulu (Tien), nto leyo abohlwaye ukuziphatha kakubi.

Ufunde ukuba imela bulumko of China yamandulo (isishwankathelo). Sokuqondwa epheleleyo ngakumbi bacebisa ukuba wayeqhelene ngokusondeleyo kakhulu kwisikolo ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Iimpawu bulumko yamandulo Chinese ngokufutshane echazwe ngasentla. Siyathemba ukuba le nto iye yakunceda aqonde iingongoma eziphambili kwaye kwaba luncedo kuwe.