Russian Space Art. UNikolai Fedorovich Fedorov: biography, imibhalo

Igama likafilosofi waseRussia u-Nikolai Fedorov ixesha elide lifihlakele kuluntu jikelele, kodwa akazange alityalwe, ngenxa yokuba iingcamango zakhe zaphefumula izazinzulu ezinzulu njengeConstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, uVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, u- Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, u- Nikolai Aleksandrovich Naumov.

Ifilosofi yaseRussia yekhulu le-19 kunye nesahlulo sokuqala se-20 uVladimir Solovyov, u-Nikolai Berdyaev, uPavel Florensky, uSergei Bulgakov nabanye babancoma imibono kaFedorov, kunye noVladimir Nikolaevich Ilyin kwinqaku ethi "Nikolai Fedorov kunye noMonk Seraphim waseSarov" ubeka aba bantu ababini kwisigaba esinye , Ukuhlawula umvuzo kwizinto eziphezulu zokomoya kunye nobungqina bobuKristu bokwenyaniso bukaNicholas Fedorovich.

Ubuntwaneni kunye nolutsha

I-Biography N. Fedorova iqukethe amaninzi amhlophe. Asikwazi ukuthetha ukuba wayetshatile okanye wayenabantwana. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuba u-Nikolay Fyodorovich Fedorov wazalwa ngoMeyi 26 (ngoJuni 7) ngo-1829. Ulwazi lwangunina alugcinwanga. Ungunyana ongemthethweni wePrince Pavel Ivanovich Gagarin. Njengoko engekho mthethweni, u-Nikolai, okanye umntakwabo kunye noodade abathathu banelungelo lokubiza ityitile kunye negama leyise. UFyodorov wayenguthixo wakhe. Ukusuka kuye, waba negama lakhe. Iimeko ezinjalo ngelo xesha zazingavamile: umntu oza kulwa nomfazi ongumfazi, kodwa ukuqhawula kunye nokutshata nomfazi weklasini elingaphantsi kwamanqabela amaninzi amalungelo kunye nabantwana babo.

Ngaloo gama, emva kokuba ubalekele kwisiza sika-Yuri Gagarin, amajelo angaphandle aphendule kulo mcimbi ngamanqaku phantsi kwesihloko esithi "ezimbini Gagarin", okuchaza igama langempela likaNikolai Fedorovich. USergei Korolev wayenomsebenzi wefosiferensi yendalo ye-cosmos kwiofisi yakhe kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukugqiba ukuba yeyiphi na loo mfana ukuba abe ngowokuqala ukuthumela kwindawo, akunakunceda kodwa ucinge ngomqondiso omhle.

UBawo, uPrince Gagarin, akazange afihle umtshato wakhe ngaphandle komntakwabo - Konstantin Ivanovich Gagarin. Wathatha inxaxheba ekupheleni kweentombi zakhe. Wathatha inkokhelo yemfundo kaNicholas. Ngokumalunga nabanye abantwana akukho ulwazi. Idolophana yaseKeys (isifunda saseTambov, ngoku sihlala kwingingqi yaseRyazan, isithili saseSasovsky) uNikolay washiya, wafikelela esikolweni iminyaka-wafudukela eTambov, apho wangena kwi-gymnasium.

Lycée Richelieu

Emva kokugqiba kwi-gymnasium ngo-1849, uFedorov waya eOdessa. Apho apho wabhalisa kwiRichelieu Lyceum edumileyo kwi-Faculty of Law. Eli liziko lemfundo elihloniphekileyo. Ngokubaluleka, yema kwindawo yesibini emva kweTararskoye Selo Lyceum odumileyo . Ekubunjweni kwezifundo ezifundwayo, umgangatho wolwazi nemithetho efundiswayo, wayekho eyunivesithi kune-lyceum. Ukufundisa kwakuqhutywa ngabafundisi. E-Richelieu lycée, abantwana abavela kwiintsapho ezona zihloniphekileyo kunye nabacebileyo. UNikolai wafunda kuyo iminyaka emithathu. Emva kokufa kukaMalume, oye wahlawula izifundo zakhe, le nsizwa yaphoqeleka ukuba ihambe eLyceum ize iqale ubomi obuzimeleyo. Unyana ongekho mthethweni, enokuba neetalente ezinkulu kunye nobuhle obuphezulu, akakwazanga ukuxhomekeka kwingxowa-mali yombuso kwiziko elinjalo lemfundo. Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka emithathu yokufunda ayizange ihambe ngeze. Ulwazi olusisiseko kwimveli yesayensi noluntu, olufunyenwe eLyceum, kamva lwaba luncedo kakhulu kwizafilosofi ezaza kuqaliswa ubuqhetseba baseRashiya.

Utitshala kunye nolayibrari

Ngo-1854, u-Nikolai Fyodorovich Fedorov wabuyela kwiphondo lakhe laseTambov, wathola isatifikethi somfundisi waza wathumela umsebenzi njengembali kunye ne-geography uthisha kwisixeko sase-Lipetsk. Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60, wayebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokufundisa ezikolweni zesithili saseTambov, eMoscow, eYaroslavl naseTula. Ukususela ngo-1867 ukuya ku-1869 waya eMoscow, apho wafundisa khona ngabantwana bakaMikhailovsky.

Ngo-1869, u-Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov wagqibela ekufudukela eMoscow waza wazihlalisa njengomncedisi welayibrari eKrithkov wavula ilayibrari yoluntu yokuqala kwisixeko.

UFedorov wayekholelwa ukuba ithala leencwadi liyinkokeli yenkcubeko edibanisa abantu abangahloliswanga ngobudlelwane, kodwa ngubani osondeleyo kwizinto zokomoya - uncwadi, ubugcisa kunye nesayensi. Wayechasene nomthetho we-copyright kwaye wakhuthaza ngamandla iingcamango zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa kwincwadi.

Imyuziyam yaseRumiantsev kunye nabafundi

KwiChertkovsky ithala leencwadi uFyodorov wadibana noyise we-cosmonautics - uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky. UKonstantin Eduardovich waya eMoscow ngenjongo yokufumana imfundo kwi-Higher Technical School (ngoku iBhaumanskoye), kodwa akazange angene kwaye wagqiba ekubeni afunde ngokuzimela. U-Nikolai Fedorovich wamthabatha esikhundleni sakhe ngabafundisi beyunivesithi. Iminyaka emithathu phantsi kolawulo lukaFedorov Tsiolkovsky i-physics, i-astronomy, i-chemistry, i-mathematics ephakamileyo, njl njl. Ubuntu abuzange bulibaleke, okufana nokuphumla, kwazinikelwa ngexesha lokuhlwa.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva ilayibrari iqhotyoshelwe kwiMyuziyam yaseRumyantsev, i-Fedorov NF yenza iincwadi ezipheleleyo zeengxowa-mali zencwadi. Ngethuba lakhe elithile wayesebenza nabantu abatsha. U-Nikolay Fedorovich wasebenzisa umvuzo wakhe othobekileyo kubafundi, kwaye wayehlala, ehambelana nokulondolozwa ngokugqithiseleyo, kwinqanaba lokuba akazange asebenzise izithuthi zikawonkewonke nakuyo yonke indawo ayehamba ngayo.

Ingundoqo yecandelo le-cosmism

U-Nikolai Fedorov uthathwa njengoyise waseRussian cosmism. Ifilosofi yaxela ukuba emva kokufumanisa kwenkqubo ye-heliocentric yiCopernicus, ifilosofi yexesha elide yayikuqwalasela kwakhona iingcamango zayo malunga nomyalelo wehlabathi. Amathuba omhlaba abeka imingeni emitsha kuluntu. Njengoko uTsiolkovsky wathi: "Umhlaba ungumntu wobomi, kodwa akusiyo iphakade ukuba aphile kwindawo yokulala!"

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isayensi yefilosofi i-Fedorov ichaza njengengcamango ngaphandle komsebenzi. Ngokombono wakhe, ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokukhawuleza kukhokelela ekuzimeleleni kwinto yokufunda kunye nokukhanyela ulwazi olujoliswe kuyo. Ulwazi lolwazi kufuneka luxhaswe ngumsebenzi, kwaye injongo yalo kukufunda ubunjani, ubomi kunye nokufa ukuzilawula.

Ihlabathi liyazi kakuhle kwimiqulu enokubangela ukuba isiphetho ngokwayo siphakamise into: INkosi yakha i-Cosmos enkulu ngenjongo yokubeka kuyo bonke abantu abaye baphila, kunye nabo bazalwa ngokuzayo. Ngenye indlela, oku akunakucaciswa. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yale nkcazo, izityalo zaseRashiya zeFedorov zazalwa. Ukuqwalasela indalo njengendawo enkulu, yincinci kuphela yinto abantu abahlala kuzo, ifilosofi edibanisa ukungalingani okungavumelekanga kunye nemfundiso yobuKristu yokuvuka. Isikhundla sikhululekile silungiselelwe nguMdali ukuba senze iibhiliyoni zabantu abaye baphila emhlabeni. Iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga nale nto zifumaneka kwiqoqo yemisebenzi nguNikolai Fedorovich, obumbene igama elithi "Ifilosofi yesiGaba esiPhakathi." Ukuphuhliswa kwempucuko yoluntu kufuneka kujoliswe ekuhloliseni indawo, ukubuyela kwimpilo yabantu ababehlala ngaphambili kwaye ngoku bangcwatywa. Kule nto, kubalulekile ukudala imigaqo emitsha evumela wonke umntu ukuba aphile ngokuthula noxolo.

Iindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha

U-Nikolai Fedorovich wayengumntu onqulo. Wayebambe iqhaza ebomini lobubhankqalazi beCawe, wagcina ukutya, wayevuma rhoqo kunye nobudlelane. Ngokombono wakhe, ukuziphatha okutsha kufuneka kuphuhliswe ngesiseko semfundiso yobuKristu ngoBathathu Emnye. Njengoko ezi ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zikaThixo-uBawo, uNyana kunye noMoya oyiNgcwele, ziyavumelana ngokuvisisana, ngoko ulwahlulo lwabantu kufuneka lufumane indlela yoxolo. Ubuthathu boButhathu buyingqungquthela yeengcinga ezingasempuma zokuchithwa komntu kunye kunye noluntu lwaseNtshona.

Isiseko esihle sokwakha ubudlelwane obutsha yintlalo. Ukunyamekela imvelo, ukufundwa kwemithetho yayo kunye nokulawula kwabo kufuneka ibe sisiseko sokubambisana kwabantu belizwe, ubugcisa kunye nezinga lemfundo. Inzululwazi nenkolo zininzi kakhulu. Imfundiso yobuKristu yokuvuka kwabafileyo kufuneka iqhutywe yizinzulu.

Ukuvuka kwabafileyo

Uphi uvuko jikelele, ngokwe-Fedorov, ukuzalwa kwakhona okanye ukuzonwabisa kwabantu? Ifilosofi yaxela ukuba ukufa kukubi abantu kufuneka banqothule. Wonke umntu uphila ngokufa kookhokho bakhe, ngoko ke, kulwaphulo-mthetho. Le meko imele ilungiswe. Ama-akhawunti kufuneka ahlawulwe ngokuvusa abafileyo. Ingcamango yokuvuswa kufuneka ibe yinto ekhuthaza, ukudibanisa izazinzulu kuzo zonke ihlabathi zehlabathi ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa.

Indlela yovuko isekelwe kwimithetho ye-physics - umzimba ngamnye womzimba uqulethwe ngamamolekyuli kunye nama-athomu ahlanganiselwe kunye namandla okukhanga kunye nokugxeka. Zonke izinto ziphuma kumaza anjalo. Ezi zinto zifanele zifundwe kwaye ziphandwe ngokucokisekileyo ngokubuyiselwa kwimiba engokwenyama, oko kukuthi, ukukhula kwabemi behlabathi elidlulileyo kwizinto ezigcinwe kwizinto eziphilayo okanye ukuqokelela amandla abantu ababandakanyekayo ukuze bazifake izinto ngale ndlela. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuvuselela, njengoko iFedorov icetyiswa.

Ifilosofi yemodeli yakhe yophuhliso loluntu ibandakanya imfundo yolwalamano olutsha phakathi kwabantu. Ekubeni iparadesi ayikho indawo ephepheni ehleliweyo yimiphefumlo yolungisa, kwaye kungekhona ukuthula okungabonakaliyo komphefumlo oye wavumelana nenyaniso, engayikuyilawula, kodwa eyona yenyama yomzimba, kuyimfuneko ukuguqula okanye ukufundisa abantu ngendlela enokuthi bayayixhomekeka Iimpawu, ezibizwa ngokuba inzondo, umona, i-avarice, ukuxhalaba, ukukhukhumeza, ukukhonza izithixo, njl. Kufuneka kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abahluphekanga ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokomzimba, njengezifo, kubanda, ukushisa, ukulamba nabanye. Lo ngumsebenzi wabasosayensi kunye nabafundisi. Inzululwazi nenkolo kufuneka zidibanise.

U-Nikolai Fedorovich wathatha iindlela ezimbini zokuphuhliswa kwempucuko yabantu.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwesini

U-Nikolai Fedorov akazange akhathalele le nkalo yobudlelwane boluntu. Ehlabathini lethu, ngombono wakhe, kukho inkokheli yowesifazane kunye nothando lomzimba. Ubudlelwane buqhutywa yinkcubeko yesondo. Ubungqina obungakumbi kunye novelwano oluncinane.

Ubudlelwane beMatrimonial kufuneka bakhelwe kumzekelo woButhathu Emnye, xa umanyano awunayo idyokhwe, kwaye umntu ngokwakhe akayiyo isizathu sokungaboni ngaso. Uthando phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini lufanele lufanane nothando lwabantwana kubazali. Nangona kunjalo, kungekuphela nje ukukhanga kuvumelekile, kodwa kunye nokuchasene, ukuxhamla, ukuzingca ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuzikhethela ngokupheleleyo akuvumelekanga.

Ukubeleka kuza kubonwa njengendalo, oko kukuthi, ukudala abantu kwihlabathi elitsha. Isimo sethu sengqondo sesondo sisisityezelo esivela ekufeni, kwaye ukuzalwa, kwimbono yangoku, kukuchasene nokufa. Uthando lwenkokheli luya kunqoba ukwesaba ukufa kwabo kwaye luguqulwe lube yinto yokudalwa kwakhona kooyise.

Indlela yokuqala umntu angaya kuyo

Ubulumko kunye nososayensi behlabathi lonke baya kusebenza ukuphinda bahlaziye i-gene gene pool. Imikhosi exhobileyo ayisayi kusetyenziswa iinjongo ezinobundlobongela, ngokutshabalalisa, kodwa iya kusetyenziswa ukujongana nemimoya yendalo, oko kukuthi, izikhukula, iinyikima-mlilo, ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic, umlilo wamahlathi, njl.

Icandelo liya kumisa ukwenza iimveliso, ezinokuthiwa ngamathoyizi abantu abadala. Imveliso ephambili iya kudluliselwa emaphandleni. Ubomi buya kuphuhliswa apho. Amadolophu akhiqiza abantu kwindawo yokugcina impahla yabathengi, ejongene nendlela yokuphila. Ubomi kwiidolophu zibaphuca izifiso ezinempilo, zibavimbela kwaye azibenzi nje ziphosakeleyo, kodwa aziyivuyo.

Imfundo yendalo yonke iyimfuneko yokufeza isicwangciso sovuko.

Ulawulo lukawonkewonke luya kwenziwa ngumlawuli, odibene nabantu bakhe ngobudlelwane bukaKhesare kunye nabaphathi bakhe, kodwa umenzi weintando zikaThixo ngenxa yehlabathi elilungileyo.

Enye indlela

U-Nikolai Fedorov waphakamisa kwakhona enye indlela yokuphuhliswa kwempucuko yabantu, okuya kusikhokelela ekungafi nokuvuka kwabafileyo, kodwa kwiSigwebo Sokugqibela kunye neGehena yoMlilo. I-Russian cosmism yinto engokoqobo, engenanto ifana neengcamango ezingabonakaliyo zabalobi bezesayensi. Umfanekiso kaFedorov wehlabathi ukhangeleka ngokuqinisekileyo, nangona wayehlala kwixesha ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwezesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe.

KuMgwebo Wokugqibela uya kubakhokelela ekuzikhuseleni, okuza kubakho ukuqonda. Oku kuya kuvela ngenxa yokuhamba kuThixo, ekulahlekelweni kokholo kwi-Craft yakhe, kuya kuba, ukunyamekela nokuthanda abantu. Ukusuka kwisimo esinqabileyo esingasichazwanga, abantu baya kuqala ukwenza izinto zokutya ngokuchanekileyo. Ukukhanukela kunqoba ngaphezu kwothando, imitshato engavumelekanga ngaphandle kokuzala izokuqala ukuvela. Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezisongela impilo ziya kubhujiswa. Uyayeka ukuvelisa iinqwelo-moya. Ekugqibeleni, abantu baya kuzama ukutshatyalaliswa. Emva koko uSuku woMsindo uza kuza.

Kuyamangalisa ukuba konke oku kubhaliwe kwiXIX yeXIX - uNikolai Fyodorov wasweleka ngoDisemba 28, 1903.

Izazinzululwazi ezelwe kwiimfundiso zeFedorov

U-Nikolai Fyodorovich Fedorov, engazi, waphefumulela uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky ukuba azinikele ubomi bakhe ekudalweni kwesebe elitsha lezesayensi kunye nekhnoloji - astronautics.

Umyalelo we-oda wehlabathi, owenziwe nguNikolai Fedorovich, wanqoba iingcinga zabantu abaninzi bexesha lakhe. Kwakungengcamango kaFedorov eyayizala ezo zenzululwazi njengezithuba kunye ne-heliobiology, i-aeroionization, i-electro-hemodynamics, njalo njalo. Ngokombono wezenzululwazi ezibandakanyekayo kwilifa elishiye yi "Moscow Socrates", njengabahlobo kunye nabafundi bebiza ngokuthi iFotorov, wachaza le vector kwaye wakhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kolwazi lwendalo yonke kwiinkulungwane ezizayo. Ukususela ekungenisweni kwakhe, imbono entsha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yoluntu yazalwa, njengenkqubo esebenzayo, eyenziwa ngabantu ngokwabo, esebenza ukudala i-noosphere engcono.

Uninzi lweengxelo ezenziwa nguFomorov NF ukuba abafundi bakhe basinda. U-Nikolai Fedorovich akazange apapashe iingcamango zakhe. Imisebenzi yakhe yagcinwa ngabafundi abaninzi. U-Nikolai Pavlovich Peterson kunye noVladimir Aleksandrovich uKozhevnikov bawahambisa kwaye bawapapasha ngo-1906. Ukusasazwa konke kuthunyelwe kwiilayibhrari kwaye kwahanjiswa ngaphandle kwentlawulo phakathi kwabo banqwenelayo.

Ngethuba lokuphila kwakhe u-Nikolai Fedorovich akazange akhutshwe kwaye akazange avumele ukupenda. Nangona kunjalo, uLeonid Pasternak wenza ngasese umfanekiso omnye. Siyibeke ekuqaleni kwinqaku.

Isiphelo

Ngethuba leminyaka yamandla aseSoviet kwi-USSR, xa i-industry shishini kunye nesayensi befezekise izibonakaliso eziphawulekayo, uNikolai Fedorov wayeyaziwa kuphela kwiingcambu ezincinci.

Ngeenkokheli eziphezulu zeKomiti yamaKhomanisi eSoviet Union, imfundiso kaFedorov yayibonakala ibophelelwe ngokucacileyo kwingcamango yobuKristu yendalo yonke njengento yokudala yengqondo kaThixo yoButhathu Emnye-uYise, uNyana kunye noMoya oyiNgcwele. Umbono wakhe wenkolo ngokunyanisekileyo we-oda wehlabathi waphazamisana nemigaqo ephambili yesimo sengqondo kumhlaba wonke weSoviet, owawujolise ekuneliseni kuphela iimfuno zomntu. Isiphambili esisisiseko senzululwazi: "Kulowo nalowo ngokwamakhono akhe, ngamnye ngomsebenzi wakhe", kodwa isigxina esisisiseko senkonzo yobukhomanisi: "Kulowo nalowo ngokwamandla, ngamnye ngokuvumelana neemfuno." Iimfuno zazisetyenziswe kuphela kwizidingo zomzimba, ngokuba uluntu lwaseSoviet lwaluphikisana nobukho bomphefumlo, nangona ingcamango yokufundisa umntu omtsha, mhlawumbi yayimboleke kuye.

Okwangoku, siza kuqhubeka kude ixesha lovuko ngokubanzi nangona ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo - sengqondo ebomini kubathengi, kunye nomgama ukusuka kuThixo ukutshintsha, kodwa ngokubanzi ngokwemigaqo ayikho kakhulu utshintsho kakhulu.