Apeiron is ... Intsingiselo nokucaciswa igama elithi "Apeiron"

Wafunda bulumko, mhlawumbi weva into enje njenge "Apeiron". Intsingiselo yamagama ukusuka inzululwazi yentanda kuyaqondakala hayi ukuba wonke. Yintoni na? Iyintoni imvelaphi kwekota, oko kuthetha ntoni?

definition

Apeiron intanda - imbono iveziwe Anaximander. Kuthetha angapheli ngonaphakade ngaphandle kokuba imiqathango into ephambili. Ngokutsho zobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike, Apeiron - na kwaba sekusekweni kwehlabathi, nto leyo usoloko ezihambayo. Lo mba, engaquki ilifa naziphi na iimpawu. Wayekholelwa ukuba bonke bangena ulwabiwo mba izichasi.

Yintoni na le nto emidala?

into Primary obanzi bulumko sisiseko ngayo yonke into ekhoyo ehlabathini. Idla kulinganiswa substanitsey. Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo neengcamango bacinga ukuba isiseko yonke into ikhona into ephambili. Amaninzi, kwaba izinto zendalo: umlilo, umoya, amanzi kunye nomhlaba. Bambi bakholelwa ukuba ubuncwane yasezulwini nalo mbandela kwakudala.

Le ngcamango kuyo yonke bulumko. Zo Ndandikholelwa ukuba isiseko zonke ezinye izinto okanye iziqalelo.

isigaba nefilosofi

Ngokutsho komyalelo, abacandayo kwimbali bulumko, malunga Anaximander bathi emva inabe. Kwaye ngoko nje sithetha Anaximenes. Kodwa ukuba siyayiqonda logic izimvo, le yesibini neyesithathu kufuneka zifakwe kwi kwinqanaba elifanayo emoyeni-kusengqiqweni ingqiqo ithiyori kuphela kabini amanzi. Anaximander wacinga okufanayo kufuneka linyusiwe ukuya kwelinye inqanaba - imbonakalo kakhulu nje into kwakudala. Lo bulumko babekholelwa ukuba Apeiron - oku sisiqalo zonke iziqalo kunye umgaqo yonke imigaqo. Eguqulelwe eli gama ngokuthi "mda."

Anaximander

Phambi kokuba ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi le nto kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye ethembisa kakhulu-bulumko yamaGrike, kuyimfuneko kukuthi amagama ambalwa malunga umbhali wayo. Kubomi bakhe, kwakunye nobomi inabe, Sithe nca omnye kuphela malunga ngomhla ngqo - Ngomnyaka wesibini 58 th kweMidlalo YeOlimpiki ngokubaluleka. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, kukholelwa ukuba xa Anaximander wayeneminyaka engama-64 ubudala, yaye wafa ngexesha elifutshane. Lo mhla simi phandle ngenxa yokuba, ngokutsho ilivo endala, kwaba unyaka apho kwakukho umsebenzi yentanda, adalwe Anaximander. Ngaphandle kokuba bakhethe yayo ifomu iprowuzi, ubungqina amandulo ukuba kubhaliwe kwathiwa kwaba yimikhuba kakhulu kwaye bamakhazikhazi, nto leyo izisa ukuya izibongo iprozi yeqhawe. Kuthetha ntoni oku? Yintoni uhlobo imisebenzi ezibe zenzululwazi nentanda-bulumko, kakhulu engqongqo kunye obucokisekileyo, azalelwe ekufuneni nzima.

Nokuhlonipha abantu

Umfanekiso bulumko kakuhle ngaphakathi uhlobo esi silumko yamandulo. Yena, njengo inabe, kubalelwa kwinani lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kakhulu aluncedo. Umzekelo, ukuba wasinda isatifikethi, othi Anaximander wakhokelela hambo lobukoloniyali. ukukhutshwa Ezo koloni eqhelekileyo ukuba loo ishishini xesha. Kwafuneka ukuba bakhethe abantu ukubaxhobisa. Konke oko kwakufuneka ukwenza ngokukhawuleza nangobulumko. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba sobulumko kwabonakala kubantu nje umntu onjalo, nto leyo efanelekileyo ukulungiselela le njongo.

Engineering neendawo impumelelo

Anaximander wothulelw inani elikhulu zobunjineli kunye nezenziwayo inventions. Kukholelwa ukuba zakhiwa sezinyuko jikelele, ezo zibizwa ngokuba "gnomon". Ngoncedo lwabo, amaGrike ebalwa ngayo equinoxes kunye yasebusika, kwakunye ixesha losuku namaxesha.

Ngenxa sobulumko, njengako doxography, idume imibhalo yabo eengingqi. Kukholelwa ukuba wayengomnye ngowokuqala ukuzama ezibonisa umhlaba kwi kwipleyiti yobhedu. Njani ukwenza oko - ayaziwa, kodwa into ebalulekileyo lowo ingcamango phambi ngokomfanekiso ingabonakali ngqo. Yaba kohlelo kunye nendlela usondele kakhulu ekufikeleleni i-World of Thought bulumko.

ulwazi ngeenkwenkwezi

Anaximander wayeyithanda indalo kunye neenkwenkwezi. Uphakamise inguqulelo ye yintoni imilo na Umhlaba kunye nezinye iiplanethi. Kuba izimvo astronomi luphawulwa oko akubiza uthotho amanani ezibhekisa izikhanyiso, amaxabiso komhlaba, ezinye iiplanethi neenkwenkwezi. Kukho ubungqina bokuba sobulumko wathi: Ilanga kunye Umhlaba bayalingana. Ngaloo mihla bekungekho ndlela yokuvavanya ubungqina. Namhlanje kucacile ukuba onke amanani wabiza babesilela inyaniso, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, zenziwe iinzame.

Endle kwemathematika yena nguye kunye nokudalwa geometry umzobo. Washwankathela lonke ulwazi kweli kwinzululwazi yakudala. Hi ndlela leyi, konke oko wayesazi kule ndawo, unanamhla abazange bafike.

iimbono zeentanda

Ukuba, ngethuba iinkulungwane udumo ilandelayo sobulumko Anaximander yehliswa, inyathelo, abezenzile indlela yokutshintsha ingcamango ekuqaleni ekugqibeleni, alondolozwe kwixesha langoku kutshintsha mpumelelo inkulu kwaye ethembisa kakhulu ngokwasengqondweni.

Simplicius ibonisa ukuba Anaximander wayecinga isiqalo element zonke izinto into engenasiphelo - Apeiron. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala kuqaliswa kulo gama. Ekuqaleni wayekholelwa kungekho manzi okanye ezinye element, yaye ezinye indalo ongenasiphelo, nto leyo idala firmaments kunye nezithuba ezikwezo zinto.

Ngelo xesha kwabonakala yinkcazelo engaqhelekanga ukuba lo mgaqo lokuqala abakacaci ngokuchanekileyo. Ezinye zefilosofi baye babonisa ukuba kuphosakele, kuba ayithi yintoni engenasiphelo: umoya, amanzi okanye umhlaba. Ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha kwagqitywa ukukhetha ethile ngobuwena izinto ezithile ekuqaleni ekugqibeleni. Ngenxa yoko, inabe wanyula amanzi kunye Anaksimen - moya. Anaximander exineke phakathi kwezi zobulumko mabini, abanikela phezulu umlinganiswa othile. Kwaye wayesithi lo mgaqo wokuqala akukho mpawu. Akukho izinto ezithile ayikwazi kuba kum; umhlaba okanye amanzi okanye umoya. Ukukhangela intsingiselo kunye nokucaciswa elithi "Apeiron" ngoko akuzange kube lula. Aristotle nako kanye ukuyitolika umongo walo. Yena Ndamangaliswa ukuba nomoya ongapheliyo.

Ingcamango imvelaphi Anaximander

Yintoni i "Apeiron"? Inkcazo apho Anaximander waba ngowokuqala ukuthetha, zinokusasazwa ngale ndlela: kwasekuqaleni umbandela, kodwa kwangaxeshanye akunakuqinisekiswa. Le ngcamango kwaba sisiphumo ukwandiswa logic yengqondo engaphakathi imvelaphi, ukuba kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ukuba umntu ngamnye kubo yakha ngokulandelelana phezulu iziqalelo zokuqala, amalunga elungeleleneyo. Kodwa ke, kwelinye icala, bekusoloko okokoko nekhethwa kuqala ukuba ngokungeyomfuneko omnye wabo. Kutheni, umzekelo, musa ukhethe umoya namanzi? Okanye kutheni umlilo? Mhlawumbi kufuneka athabathe indima nto ephambili ayikho into ethile, yaye bonke ngaxeshanye. Xa kuthelekiswa zonke embodiments ezinjalo, nganye ephantsi isiseko esomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo, kubonakala ukuba kunjalo namnye kubo ngokwaneleyo khorwisaka phezu kwabanye.

Ayizi kuza bevela yonke le kwisigqibo sokuba abazi kupasa ukuba indima iziqalelo zokuqala nabani na izinto, kwakunye zonke kubo bonke? Naphezu "zobugorha" impumelelo kwintanda-bulumko izazinzulu ezininzi kangangeenkulungwane baya kubuyela ingcamango oko kuthetha ntoni na Apeiron.

Vala inyaniso

Anaximander wenziwa inyathelo ebhegini kakhulu ukuze siqonde izinto akuphuhlanga kakuhle ezingenachaphaza. Apeiron - oku umbandela kukho, ukuba ukhangela intsingiselo yakhe ezibanzi bulumko.

Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba ukungaqiniseki nje iimpawu wokuqala umgaqo kuba linyathelo elikhulu phambili bulumko xa kuthelekiswa etsala indima ephambili nje omnye impahla umgaqo. Apeiron - oku ingqikelelo mbandela. Kodwa yokumisa philosophizing esikufutshane phambi kwakhe. Kungenxa yoko le nto Velikiy Aristotel, beyaleza imigudu Anaximander, ezama ukuba bawuzise kufutshane ngexesha lwabo ukuthetha ngento yokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba athethe ngalo mbandela.

ngenxa

Ngoko ke, ngoku ke kucacile ukuba eli lizwi - apejron. Ithetha ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: '' unamandla, "unlimited". Oku isiphawulo kakhulu isibizo 'umda' kwaye kwisuntswana yi uyaphika. Kulo mzekelo, nguye kuphika imida okanye umda.

Ngenxa yoko, igama lesiGrike senziwa ngendlela efanayo njengengqiqo elitsha imvelaphi: ngenxa kuphika qualitative kunye nezinye nemida. Anaximander mhlawumbi hayi bazi imvelaphi izinto zakhe mkhulu, kodwa unako ukubonisa ukuba izinto kuqala uhlobo uhlobo olulodwa koqobo eziphathekayo. Le mbono ethile mbandela. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwisigaba ngasinye ezilandelelanayo cingisisi ngemvelaphi, nto leyo ngokusengqiqweni kuyimfuneko, umfanekiso ingcinga zeentanda-bulumko ingcinga kakhulu-bulumko. Inyathelo lokuqala kukuba kokukhupha ananzi mbandela. Igama elithi "Apeiron" lithetha kakhulu nangokuchanekileyo imvelaphi ingqikelelo zeentanda-bulumko esingapheliyo. Akukhathaliseki nokuba yayiyilwe yi-sobulumko okanye ibolekwe-magama Greek.

Le mbono ihlanganisa ukuzama ukuphendula umbuzo ube mnye ngaphezulu. Emva kokuqala ekuqaleni ukucacisa yonke azalelwe uyafa ngayo. Kubonakala ukuba kufuneka kubekho into apho uza yonke into, kwaye wandule siyabutyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, ingcambu unobangela zokuzalwa kunye nokufa, ubomi non-ntle, imbonakalo nentshabalalo kufuneka rhoqo kwaye obungenakutshatyalaliswa, kwaye ongenasiphelo ngokuphathelele ixesha.

ifilosofi Ancient esahlula ngokucacileyo ithi ezimbini esahlukileyo. Into yokuba kukho ngoku, kanye wabonakala, kwaye xa uhambe - idlule. Ezi kumntu wonke kunye nakuyo yonke into. Ezi zonke iimeko ezithi zenzeke abantu. Idlule le zahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ezininzi, nto leyo nayo idlule. Ngokutsho ingqiqo le ngxoxo, izinto zokuqala isenokungabi into buyadlula, njengokuba kulo mzekelo, bekungayi kuba ekuqaleni kwenye idlule babeza.

Ngokungafaniyo nabantu, imizimba, ithi, indalo mgaqo sokuqala soze utshatyalaliswe, njengoko kwenza ezinye izinto. Ngoko ke wazalwa waza waba ngomnye ibaluleke kakhulu ehlabathini-bulumko ingcamango yokungapheli, nto leyo ubunjwe ingcamango yokuba ukungabikho imida kwISithuba ingcamango esimiyo, ongapheliyo.

Ababhali-mbali kuba hypothesis, leyo bathi igama elithi "Apeiron" yaqaliswa zululwazi yentanda hayi Anaximander noAristotle okanye Plato, ngubani ezixoxa le mfundiso. Ubungqina obubhaliweyo le nto, kodwa oku ayonto ibalulekileyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ingcamango weza maxesha ethu.