Qha itrekta USSR. History of Iitrektara kwi-USSR

Kwi-USSR itrekta ukhathalayo. Ukufama ufuna ngokungxamisekileyo koomatshini kunye nezityalo zakhe wayengekho kweli lizwe. Azi imfuneko yokwandisa imveliso emaphandleni, V. I. Lenin isalelo ngo-1920 "Ngomhla single itrekta efama." Sele 1922, kwaqalisa imveliso amancinci iimodeli zasekhaya "Kolomenets" yaye "Zaporozhets." Itrektara lokuqala Soviet kwakungavumelekanga nokuqhwalela olomileyo, kodwa emva ezimbini idabi seminyaka emihlanu weza kulwakhiwo lwamashishini ezizodwa.

"Russian" izibulo

Russia ebesoloko idume abayili yayo, kodwa hayi zonke iingcamango banako ukusebenzisa. Kwinkulungwane XVIII sezolimo I. M. Komov siphakamise umba oomatshini wezolimo. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX V. P. Gurev, ngoko DA Zagryazhsky iphuhlise iitrektara zomphunga ukulinywa. Ngowe-1888 F. A. Blinov wenza kwaye yavavanyelwa lo qha itrekta zomphunga kuqala. Noko ke, isixhobo weza ngumsina kakhulu. Noko ke, ngokusemthethweni unyaka wokuzalwa ithathwa ngokuba Russian th itrektara 1896, xa umphunga yokuqala umkhondo-uhlobo itrekta wehlabathi kwabonakala esidlangalaleni kwi-Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

Ngomhla umbundu ke lowo wengcibi yokuluka ngenkulungwane XX Ya. V. Mamin (umfundi Blinov) beskompressorny owavela injini ophezulu-ucinezelo eyehlayo kwisibaso enzima. Kufana akukho omnye ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwizithuthi ezinamavili zondelwe. Ngowe-1911, loo nto kwakhona ndawonye itrektara zazingenela kunye yinjini kilowatt-18 yokutsha lwangaphakathi ufumana igama wokuthand 'Russian ". Emva kokuphucula kwabonakala injini enamandla ngaphezu - 33 kW. imveliso yazo abasakhasayo e-kwisityalo Balakovo - ku-1914, yavelisa malunga iiyunithi nekhulu.

Ngaphandle Balakovo, itrekta siko eyenziwe eveliswa Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, eKharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse kunye nenani ezinye iindawo zokuhlala. Kodwa ke yemveliso zonke iitrektara kwi amashishini zakuleli amancinci kangangokuba phantse nafuthe imeko kwezolimo. Ngo-1913, isixa-mali kule ndlela Kuqikelelwa ukuba iikopi 165. Kodwa ngenkuthalo ukuthenga izixhobo amazwe: ngo-1917 kuBukhosi Russian ngo-1500 amazwe iitrektara.

History of Iitrektara kwi-USSR

Xa isindululo sophuhliso Lenin kunye nokuveliswa imishini oomatshini waseFama sele inikwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Umgaqo yokulima itrekta enye ithetha nje ukukhululwa "amahashe yentsimbi ', njengoko ngokuba itrektara, kodwa iseti amanyathelo lombutho kophando kunye nokuvavanywa izibonelelo, ekuhleleni zokubonelelwa abaza kuzisebenzisa kunye nokulungiswa, ukuvulwa iinkosi izifundo, abahlohli kunye itrekta.

Itrektara yokuqala USSR ekhutshwe Kolomna mveliso ngo-1922. umlawuli projekthi yaba ngunozala etektala yesikolo kazwelonke E. D. eLvov. Izithuthi ezinamavili ebizwa "Kolomenets-1" babonise ukuba isiqalo sexesha elitsha emaphandleni. Lenin, nangona ugula kakhulu, ngokobuqu wavuyisana nabayili ngempumelelo.

Kulo nyaka omnye ngo-Kichkasse lweshishini "inkqubela Red" wenza itrekta "Zaporozhets." Umfuziselo bayasilela. Lead Yayinye kuphela ivili langasemva. Le ephantsi-power enama-ezimbini injini nge 8.8 kW clocked "ihashe yentsimbi" ku-3.4 km / h. Ukutshintshelwa waba phambi enye kuphela. Amandla kwi hook - 4,4 kW. Kodwa le sithuthi lula kakhulu umsebenzi lali.

Andihlali ngeenxa umenzi edume Mamin. Yena lwagqibelela nesakhiwo sakhe pre-revolution. Ngowe-1924, i-eSoviet Union yongezwe imifuziselo itektala yentsapho "Dwarf":

• Enamavili 'ezincinanana-1 "kunye yokudluliswa kunye ngesantya 3-4 km / h.
• -Wheel Four "Little 2" kunye umva.

Amukela amava amazwe

Ngoxa USSR tektala "ukwakha izihlunu", kunye nabayili Soviet kakuhle lo mkhuba entsha, urhulumente uye wagqiba kwelokuba amise imveliso-mvume technology amazwe. Ngo-1923 kule kwisityalo eKharkov waqala phezulu kuthotho lisekhondweni "Kommunar", na ezihlangwini imodeli isiJamani "Z-50 Ganomag". kakhulu asetyenziswe ngayo umkhosi yokuthutha iziqwenga zokudubula de 1945 (yaye kamva).

Ngowe-1924, isityalo iLeningrad "Red Putilovets" (kamva laseKirov) Iyakwazi ukuvelisa cheap kwaye ezakheke ezilula 'American "inkampani" Fordson ". itrekta Old yiSoviet yale uphawu kwaba yinto elungileyo. Amabombo kwiimpawu awongamileyo yaye "Zaporozhets", yaye "Kolomenets". Separafini injini isiBeki (14.7 kW) liphuhlise ngesantya 10.8 km / h, amandla phezu hook - 6,6 kW. nawo - speed ezintathu. Yavelisa model de-1932. Enyanisweni, yaba imveliso yokuqala omkhulu-isikali izixhobo.

izityalo itrekta Construction

Kuye kwacaca ukuba iifama ezidityanelweyo iitrektara onemveliso kufuneka kwakhiwe mveliso ezizodwa, idibanisa inzululwazi, iiofisi zobunjineli kunye nezibonelelo zemveliso. Umqalisi yale projekthi ibalelwa F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Ngokutsho ingqiqo, amashishini amatsha izicwangciso ukuxhobisa ngezixhobo mihla nokuvelisa imifuziselo kakhulu cheap kunye enokuthenjwa imoto ezinamavili yaye kulandelelwa.

Ukuveliswa lokuqala omkhulu iitrektara kwi-USSR yasekwa ngo Stalingrad. Kwixesha elizayo, amandla yezityalo eKharkov naseLeningrad sele yandiswa kakhulu. amashishini ezinkulu zibonakele saseChelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul kunye nezinye izixeko USSR.

Stalingrad itrekta yemboni

Stalingrad waba isixeko apho ukususela ekuqaleni wakha mveliso wokuqala omkhulu itrekta. Ngenxa yendawo emi kuyo ezazidlula (ekudibaneni kubonelelo Baku ioli, metal phambene kunye Donbass namalahle) kunye ubukho yomkhosi yabasebenzi abanezakhono, waphumelela ukhuphiswano eKharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, eTaganrog. Ngowe-1925 yayamkela isigqibo ekwakhiweni lweshishini mihla, yaye ngowe-1930 line ibandla wehla kwiitrektara yevili uhlobo eSoviet edume STZ-1. Kwixesha elizayo, apha uvelisa uluhlu olubanzi imifuziselo ezinamavili yaye kulandelelwa.

Yi kwixesha eSoviet ziquka:

• STZ-1 (ivili, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• STZ-3 (ezinqunquthayo,-1937).
• SKHTZ Nathi (Track,-1937).
• DT-54 (ezinqunquthayo, 1949).
• DT-75 (ezinqunquthayo, 1963).
• DT-175 (Track, 1986).

Ngo-2005, i-Volgograd Tractor (owayesakuba FCZ) olubhengezwe yimali. ezihlangwini yayo yaba VgTZ.

DT-54

Qha uvimba USSR ngenkulungwane XX phakathi, saka, inani imifuziselo bona bongamile ivili. Umzekelo omangalisayo koomatshini yezolimo , injongo jikelele kukuba ukuvumela ngaphandle kule minyaka 1949-1979 itektala DT-54. Thina aliveze kwi Stalingrad, eKharkov kunye Altay mveliso lilonke leeyunithi 957.900. Yena "obekade" iifilimu ezininzi ( "Ivan Brovkin phezu komhlaba ongazange ulinywe ngaphambili," "Ku Yenzekile Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" kunye nabanye), elasekwa njenge sisikhumbuzo intlaninge zokuhlala.

grade injini D-54 ku-line,-itankana ezine, elaphiliswayo inxeba lalo ezine, engamanzi-lupholile, ekhwele emibonweni kwi kwisakhelo. (Amandla) injini Speed 1300 Rev / min (54 l. C.). A ngesantya ezintlanu-ndlela ezintathu-ukudluliselwa kunye engundoqo clutch enxulumene driveline. Isantya Ukusebenza: km 3,59-7,9 / h, ibambelele: kg 1000-2850.

EKharkov Tractor Plant

HTZ Construction kubo. Sergo Ordzhonikidze yaqala ngo-1930, iikhilomitha-15 ukuya kwimpuma eKharkov. Lilonke ukuze kwakhiwe bakaRafa wathabatha iinyanga 15. Itrektara yokuqala bayishiya yokuthutha-1 Oktobha 1931 - belibolekiwe ukusuka kwisityalo model SKHTZ Stalingrad 15/30. Kodwa injongo ephambili ukwenza uhlobo itrekta yasekhaya "Caterpillar" 50 enjini. Kukwakho iqela umyili PI Andrusenko zikhuliswe injini diesel ethembisayo, nto leyo sibekwe kuyo yonke eUSSR qha itrekta. Ngowe-1937 isityalo laqalisa uthotho womzekelo ezinqunquthayo maxesha ngokusekelwe SKHTZ Nathi. I ezintsha eliyinhloko noloqoqosho ngakumbi yaye ngaloo ndlela ngempumelelo ngakumbi injini diesel.

Ukususela ekuqaleni imfazwe le mveliso ke babalekela Barnaul, apho wadala isiseko zeAltai Tractor Plant. Emva kokuba inkululeko eKharkov ngo-1944, imveliso saqalwa kwisayithi enye - loo mifuziselo itrekta eSoviet edume SKHTZ Nathi Wabuya wangena endlwini manqaku. imifuziselo Basic HZT ixesha eSoviet:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• SKHZT Nathi ITA (Track,-1937).
• HTZ-7 (ivili, 1949).
• HTZ-DT-54 (ezinqunquthayo, 1949).
• DT-14 (ezinqunquthayo, 1955).
• T-75 (ezinqunquthayo, 1960).
• T-74 (ezinqunquthayo, 1962).
• T-125 (ezinqunquthayo, 1962).

Kuvuselelwa olukhulu kuthwalelwa phandle iminyaka engama-70 kwi-HTZ, imveliso ayikho wayeka. Ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuba ukukhululwa "trehtonnikov" T-150K (ivili) ne T-150 (ezinqunquthayo). I eliphezulu-Amandla T-150K asecaleni eUnited States (1979) babonisa ngomsebenzi ogqwesileyo phakathi oontanga zehlabathi, ebonakalalisa ukuba itrektara ukususela yiSoviet Union na enasilela ngayo kwamanye amazwe. Ngasekupheleni 'imifuziselo 80s zaye zaphuhliswa HTZ-HTZ-180 no-200: ke kakuhle ngaphezu 150 Series-20%, 50% nemveliso ngakumbi.

T-150

Iitrektara USSR ukuphalaza ukuthembeka kwabo. Nantso a jikelele-high speed itrekta T-150 (T-150K) kundenzele igama elihle. Uye ngendidi ezininzi izicelo: yokuhamba, ukwakhiwa kwendlela, kwinqanaba kwezolimo. Ithi nangoku ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha impahla kwi nzima off-kwendlela, kwi amasimi (elima, bechuba, ukulinywa, njalo njalo. D.), On yokwemba. Ekwaziyo yokuthutha ezirhuqwayo umbane iitoni 10-20 of. T-150 (C) eyenzelwe ngokukodwa turbonaduvnoy 6-itankana diesel injini kunye uqwalaselo ezimise V-kunye lungapholi ulwelo.

Ukucacisa T-150K:

• Ububanzi / ubude / ukuphakama, m -. 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
• Igeyiji, m -. 1.7 / 1.8.
• Mass, m -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Power, HP - 150.
• isantya esiphezulu, km / h - 31.

Minsk Tractor Works

Ngokusekelwe MTZ May 29, 1946, kwaye zithathwa ukuba mhlawumbi nempumelelo kakhulu ngeli xesha ngoku, ndaphelelwa ngamandla ukususela kumaxesha Soviet. Ekupheleni kuka-2013 kwakukho abantu abangaphezu kwama-21.000. Isityalo igcina 8-10% yemarike lomhlaba iitrektara kubaluleke sobuchule Belarus. Ikhupha uluhlu olubanzi izithuthi phantsi "Belarus" uphawu. Ngexesha ukuwa yiSoviet yaveliswa phantse zizigidi ezi-3 iiyunithi zobugcisa.

• KD-35 (ezinqunquthayo, 1950).
• CT-12 (ezinqunquthayo, 1951).
• MTZ-1 MTZ-2 (ivili, 1954).
• TDT-40 (ezinqunquthayo, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (ivili, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (ivili, 1957).

Ezinkulu-Isikali ngokutsha kwisityalo Minsk yaqala ngo-1960. Ngaxeshanye kunye ukufakelwa abathungi ezitsha izixhobo zokusebenza kusungulo imifuziselo phambili iitrektara MTZ-50 kunye namandla ngakumbi MTZ-52 kunye drive lonke-wheel. Xa uthotho ke baya, ngokulandelelanayo, ngo-1961 no-1964. Ukususela ngo-1967, yavelisa umkhondo nenguqulo T-54B kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba sithethe itrektara USSR engaqhelekanga, ke ngoko oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo i nenguqulo cotton MTZ-50X kunye amavili kabini ngaphambili kunye ukucoca umhlaba ophezulu, nto leyo zaveliswa ngo-1969, kwakunye eweni MTZ-82K.

Inyathelo elilandelayo inganga MTZ-80 (1974) - omkhulu kakhulu ehlabathini, kwaye ukuguqulwa okhethekileyo MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Ukususela 80 phakathi MTZ elichule ubuchule phezu kwamakhulu enjini: MTP-102 (100 HP), MTP-142 (150 hp.), Yaye ephantsi-power mini-itrekta:. 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. a.

KD-35

Qha itrekta umlimi Ngokomzi, kulula ukuba ukusebenza kunye nokulungisa. Luphawu ezisetyenziswa kwezolimo amazwe eSoviet Union kunye Warsaw Pact. Injongo - umsebenzi kunye ikhuba kunye nezinye izixhobo. Ukususela ngo-1950, isityalo yenza loyamano KDP 35, apho yezihlangu ezincinane ububanzi, umkhondo ngokubanzi kunye ukucoca emhlabeni lenyuke.

Kwanele injini enamandla D-35, ngokulandelelana, wanika iilitha 37. s., gearbox waba zigaba 5 (enye back-anesihlanu phambili). Injini zezi ukonga; ukupheliswa kumisiwe umyinge amafutha emoto ayekwi ha 1 nganye yaba ngama-13 eelitha. Itanki ipetroli iiyure-10 zomsebenzi - kwanele ukulima iihektare ezi-6 zomhlaba. C ifakwe model ngonyaka 1959 powertrain zaphuculwa D-40 (45 l. C.) Yaye zesantya ukwanda (1600 Rev / min). Kwakhona kuphuculwe ukuthembeka kwisisu semoto.

EChelyabinsk Tractor Plant phambi kwempi

Ukuthetha itrektara USSR ngoyaba imbali zesityalo saseChelyabinsk, wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo umba yobugcisa uxolo, kwaye ngexesha Second World War waba smithy lweetanki kunye "self-esingazihambeliyo". Famous CTZ wakha esigangeni kude koohola usebenzisa zibalaselisa, iifotsholo, crowbars. Isigqibo ukwakha sathathwa ngo May 1929 kwi-14 Congress of Amaqumrhu USSR. NgoJuni 1929 iLeningrad GIPROMEZ waqalisa umsebenzi kwi projekthi izityalo. design CTZ lwaqhutywa nge-akhawunti kumava neemoto itrektara neenkampani American, ikakhulu Caterpillar.

Ukususela ngoFebruwari ukuya ngoNovemba 1930 kwaye yakhiwe pilot izityalo ngafakwa ukusebenza. Yaba ngoNovemba wesixhenxe 1930. umhla PPF CTZ ithathwa Agasti 10, 1930, xa kwakukho kungekabekwa iziseko zokuqala Foundry. June 1, 1933 qha tektala yokuqala abasebenzi eChelyabinsk waya kumgca lokulungela i - ". Stalinets-60" ngaphezulu kwe 61.000 iitrektara yaveliswa ngowe-1936. Ngoku itrekta Retro USSR, kwaye imodeli 30 C-60 songame iimpawu analogue Stalingrad kunye nezityalo eKharkov phantse kabini.

Ngowe-1937, ngaxeshanye ekufundeni imveliso iinjini diesel C-60, isityalo pereshѐl ukuvelisa iitrektara amafutha-ngempumelelo ngakumbi C-65. Emva konyaka, eli itrekta wawongwa mbasa iphezulu "Grand Prix" kwi umboniso eParis, yaye isetyenziswe bhanya ye ihlelo eSoviet film "Tractor." Ngowe-1940, yaseChelyabinsk Tractor Plant wayalelwa ukuya kwimveliso imfazwe - amatanki, iiyunithi esingazihambeliyo, injini, abaza kuzisebenzisa.

Imbali post-imfazwe

Nangona ubunzima lemfazwe, itrektara wakhumbula ishishini lakho oyithandayo. Waba necebo: kutheni ukusebenzisa amava baseMelika? Eneneni, eUnited States ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II zange ayeke imveliso iitrektara. Uhlalutyo wabonisa ukuba intle mifuziselo itektala American ke D-7. Ngo-1944 waqalisa uphuhliso amaxwebhu kunye noyilo.

Emva kweminyaka emi-2, kunye ngokutsha zesityalo, ngoJanuwari 5, 1946 itrektara yokuqala S-80 wakhululwa. Ngo-1948, le nkampani bagqiba ngokutsha ngomhla wakhululwa iiyunithi 20-25 izithuthi zondelwe. Ngo-1955 ii-ofisi yoyilo sele uqalile umsebenzi entsha, iitrektara enamandla ngakumbi 100 kwaye liyaqhubeka ukwandisa bokuphila itrektara S-80.

models:

• C-60 (ezinqunquthayo, 1933).
• C-65 (ezinqunquthayo,-1937).
• C-80 (ezinqunquthayo, 1946).
• C-100 (ezinqunquthayo, 1956).
• DET-250 (ezinqunquthayo, 1957).
• T-100m (ezinqunquthayo, 1963).
• T-130 (ezinqunquthayo, 1969).
• T-800 (ezinqunquthayo, 1983).
• T-170 (ezinqunquthayo, 1988).
• DET-250m2 (Track, 1989);.
• T-10 (ezinqunquthayo, 1990).

DET-250

Kwi-50 ubudala ukuba umsebenzi ukuba bayile kwaye okanyeavelise amandla etrektara iisampuli zeemvavanyo onamava ka 250 enjini. Ukususela amanyathelo okuqala ababhali imodeli entsha bashiya iindlela ze-yaziwa kakuhle. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala kulo mkhuba tektala Soviet ukuba wadala ekharejini hermetic kwaye ukhululekile isixhobo. umqhubi Umatshini Heavy kungenziwa eziqhutshwa ngesandla mnye. Isiphumo olukhulu itrekta DET-250. Council of the Committee Economy National USSR wawongwa mveliso yale modeli ye Molteno Gold kunye neDiploma weqondo 1.

abanye abenzi

Kakade ke, uluhlu ayibandakanyi zonke izityalo itrekta. Iitrektara USSR neRashiya wenza kwaye ziyafumaneka kwi zeAltai (Barnaul), laseKirov (St. Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TK, Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, eMoscow, Cheboksary, Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) kunye neminye imizi.