Phantsi ngokoMthetho Uxolo LwaseWestphalia Spain waqonda geqe Holland. NgokoMthetho Uxolo LwaseWestphalia. nyaka-30 imfazwe (1618-1648)

Enye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwenkulungwane ye-17 - kunyaka-30 imfazwe 1618-1648. Kwaba kuyo phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu, ukuba ushiye ngasemva izigidi iingxaki. Eyona isigqibo kule mfazwe ubeke imvumelwano ebizwa ngokuba "Uxolo LwaseWestphalia". iziphumo zayo ziye kakhulu ukuba lonke ikamva kwimbali yaseYurophu. Wavalelwa ngomhla we-15 ne-24 Oktobha 1648, emva kothethathethwano elide, eyathatha ukususela 1644 kwaye ayikwazanga banelise imiqathango bonke abathathi-nxaxheba.

Uxolo LwaseWestphalia ngo-1648

Wahlanganisa sasayinwa kunye sasayinwa zezivumelwano uxolo waqukumbela kulo nyaka laseWestphalia. Kwisixeko sasayinwa yabamba iintetho kunye nabammeli ubuKatolika, kwaye sasayinwa - kwicala amaProtestanti. Maxa wambi Uxolo lwaseWestphalia, yaye ziquka Isivumelwano Januwari 30 kulo nyaka, Spain kunye lamaPhondo United ye-Netherlands, eyaphelela War asibhozo Years ', njengokuba umzabalazo phakathi kwala mazwe kunye abaphandi sihlole ingxenye yale Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Yintoni na izivumelwano womanyano?

Sasayinwa isivumelwano sisivumelwano kuso phakathi waseRoma oyiNgcwele uMlawuli, Sweden kunye namahlakani ayo.

Munster uBukhosi baseRoma isayinwe France kunye namazwe eyayiyixhasa ngayo (oku kuquka i-Netherlands, Venice, savoy, Hungary). Le ithi zimbini luluvavanyile inxaxheba kwindawo kwabantu inxalenye enkulu eYurophu, ngenxa yokuba kwi, ixesha wesithathu, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu le Years War, ukuba negalelo ziba yomkhosi wamaRoma, leyo negalelo nokuqhekeka wabo kwixesha elizayo. Uxolo LwaseWestphalia kakhulu emiselwe amalungiselelo leyo iza kucacisa utshintsho indawo, isakhiwo sezopolitiko kunye zonqulo kwi oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma.

Iziphumo yemfazwe kunyaka-30

Le ngxabano yaphela kunye namazwe efanayo? Phantsi ngokoMthetho Uxolo LwaseWestphalia Spain waqonda kokuzimela Netherlands. Kwakhona, ngokwale xwebhu, ilizwe elaphumelela kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi - France kunye Sweden, bamiselwa guarantors zokuthobela nehlabathi. Ezi anamandla obukroti ukulawula izenzo kwisivumelwano esatyikitywa, kwaye ngaphandle kwemvume yabo ayisoze, ukutshintsha isihloko olulodwa. Ngoko ke, lonke elaseYurophu lakhuseleka naluphi na utshintsho zehlabathi ukuba enokukhokelela engozini ukhuseleko kumazwe amaninzi. ukusukela, ngenxa ke kwisivumelwano, * uKhesare yaseJamani yaba namandla, amanye amagunya amakhulu kungaba ukoyika impembelelo yakhe. Uxolo LwaseWestphalia negalelo redrawing ezibalulekileyo zendawo, ingakumbi kwicala kwamagunya noloyiso eFransi naseSweden.

Enye yezi utshintsho olukhulu kwimephu yaba kukuba phantsi kwemiqathango yale Uxolo LwaseWestphalia Spain waqonda kokuzimela Provinces United. Le meko, yaqala imfazwe wayo inkululeko nxamnye Spain Catholic ibe imvukelo, zazifumanayo ngo-1648 ingqalelo ngamazwe.

Oko got ilizwe elaphumelela imfazwe?

Ngokutsho isigqibo esithathwe ukusayinwa Uxolo LwaseWestphalia, ubukhosi yaseSweden wahlawula umnikelo 5 million talers. Ukongeza, Yahamba kwisiqithi Rügen, Western Pomerania kunye inxalenye East (kunye Stettin), isixeko Wismar, i ibhishopu of laseVerdun kunye archbishopric of Bremen (Bremen edolophini ngokwayo kwakungekho namnye).

eSweden waya emlonyeni imilambo emininzi iinqanawa kumantla eJamani. Ukuba onikwe izilawuli yayo German, uKumkani eSweden ithuba ukuthumela amasekela i-Imperial Diet.

ukusayina France ngayo Uxolo LwaseWestphalia wenza kube lula ukufumana ubunini Habsburgs, ibekwe Alsace, kodwa ngaphandle City of eStrasbourg, kwakunye ulongamo phezu bishoprics eziliqela Lorraine. ubunini New emva kokusayina isivumelwano kunye nokwandisa impembelelo lizwe lwamnceda kwixesha elizayo ukuba athathe isikhundla nokuyigutyula eYurophu.

German Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Brunswick-Lüneburg kunye Brandenburg, leyo ixhaswa lizwe noloyiso, wafumana iinzuzo - bakwazi ukwandisa nemfuyo yabo ngenxa wokujoyina bishoprics ezintweni nezigodlo. Ngu Saxony ngenxa yesi sivumelwano lathathwa Luzatsiya, bangena wohlobo Upper Palatinate. Elector Brandegburgsky wafumana ebanzi xa ilifa labo ilizwe apho Prussia kwamiswa kamva.

Loo nto ihlabathi amaJamani?

NgokoMthetho Uxolo LwaseWestphalia ezifana ukuba uMlawuli waseJamani lilahlekelwe isixa esikhulu amalungelo abo angaphambili. Kulo mzekelo, iinkosana yaseJamani yaba elizimeleyo ukusuka irhuluneli yaseRoma, yaye bakwazi ukuqhubeka-nkqubo ozimeleyo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya. Umzekelo, bangathatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo malunga ukuqhambuka emfazwe kunye noxolo kwi-ofisi yabo yayikukuqinisekisa isixa irhafu, wawuxhomekeke phezu kwabo ukwamkelwa imithetho kwi uBukhosi baseRoma.

iinkosana ezithile ingangena kwizivumelwano kunye namanye amazwe. Ekuphela kwento leyo ayifumaneki kubo, - ubuhlobo elibenze ne namanye amagunya nxamnye umlawuli uBukhosi baseRoma. Ukuthetha ulwimi mihla, emva wokutyikitywa kwale mvumelwano iinkosana ezithile German baba ngabalawulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe yaye ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kubomi yezopolitiko Europe. Ukomeleza isikhundla sabo ikhuthaze ukuyilwa kobume yase Germany yanamhlanje.

Ubomi emva 1648

Ngokumalunga kwezenkolo, ngenxa Uxolo LwaseWestphalia eJamani banamalungelo alinganayo Katolika, bakaCalvin kwaye amaLuthere kwaye lwanika lo secularization amazwe ibandla, nolwathi lwenzelwa e- imi- 20-kwinkulungwane XVII. Elokugqiba, electors ayikwazanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi kuyiphi inkolo. Ukongeza, phantsi kwemiqathango ye-Uxolo LwaseWestphalia Spain waqonda geqe Holland. Khumbula ukuba zomzabalazo wenkululeko kweli lizwe kwaqala nxamnye Spain Catholic. Eneneni, esi sivumelwano kuye lwanika ukuqhekezwa kwezopolitiko waseJamani, abaphumeleleyo kweli kwimbali ombuso kolu hlanga.

Ngoko ke, lo Uxolo LwaseWestphalia eyomelezile kakhulu amandla eFransi, bamkhulula kuyo arch-ubandezele, eSpeyin, abathi indima yokuqala kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu.

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo kwesi sivumelwano, apho ababhali-mbali bathi: kuba sisiseko zonke izivumelwano ezilandelayo yaseYurophu de ngenkulungwane XVIII, xa French kwenzeka. Abangekaphuhli revolution. Phantsi ngokoMthetho Uxolo LwaseWestphalia Spain waqonda ukuzimela yoMntla yaseNetherlands. Kwakhona, ukuvunywa kumazwe ngamazwe le-Swiss Union.

Ixabiso Uxolo LwaseWestphalia

Ngoko ke, lo sivumelwano ebizwa kuthe kwaqala umyalelo yehlabathi mihla, obonelela ubukho behlabathi kumazwe kunye nefuthe imigaqo ethile yomthetho ngamazwe. Umgaqo Ibhalansi kwezopolitiko, mhlawumbi oko kwasekwa ngenxa izibonelelo Uxolo LwaseWestphalia. kuye kwabonakala Isithethe yokusombulula iingxaki indawo, ezomthetho kunye vukhongeri ukuzalana States ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu usebenzisa ukungenela namanye amagunya ezinamandla kunye nempembelelo yaseYurophu ukususela ngoko.

Ixabiso kwemfazwe kunyaka-30 ukuze kwakhiwe kwenkqubo yezomthetho yangoku

Le mbono "inkqubo Westphalian", elibhekisela ihlabathi yomthetho kunye ndawo bafika emva 1648, ibhekisela ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela ezobuRhulumente kummandla yalo esemthethweni. De kwinkulungwane XIX imithetho kwesivumelwano kunye nemiqathango Uxolo LwaseWestphalia luqinisekiswa kakhulu imithetho oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma.

Emva kokuba imbonakalo isivumelwano ngokukodwa ukomeleza amalungelo ubuKristu ehlaziyiweyo kunye zemveli Roman Catholic ubuKristu, nto leyo ebaluleke ukusuka kwindawo umbono ngenzululwazi yenkcubeko. Noko ke, izazinzulu ezininzi iziphene ezithile izibonelelo, leyo emva kokusayina isivumelwano kwafuneka ukuba baphile abahlali zaseJamani. Ngoko, kwanyanzeleka ukuba baziqhelanise unqulo, umlawuli ekhethiweyo, oko kukuthi ngokuyimfuneko inkululeko yonqulo ayizange yayingekabikho. Ke, phezu kwazo zonke iziphene, Uxolo LwaseWestphalia ngokwenene lilinge lokuqala (nempumelelo) ukudala inkqubo yomthetho wezizwe.