Iinguqu yamaphephandaba iminyaka 60-70 lwekhulu XIX eRashiya

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba eYurophu the revolution mveliso iqala. Oku kukhokelela imfuneko ukutshintsha iindawo ezininzi. Ngokukhawuleza "kwakhona" ngendlela entsha, amazwe aseYurophu kakhulu kwangaphezulu Russia. Loo nto, ukungena iCrimea War, waphinda wabona ubuthathaka ulawulo tsarist kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo komlawuli ngokubanzi. Kukho hung umoya enzima ukulinda.

Alexander II wayesazi kakuhle ukuba kuya kufuneka benze utshintsho leminyaka 60-70 - eli xesha ifuna entsha, amagqabi ngokukhawuleza emva eRashiya eYurophu. Qaphela ukuba ukumkani ufuna ukunyamezela enkulu kunye nesibindi ukuya kwinyathelo abangafunwayo ezithile. Ngelo xesha kwakungekho ndlela yimbi. iinguqu yamaphephandaba iminyaka 60-70 kwinkulungwane ye-19 zazimele kubanjwa.

Ukulungiselela wayeminyaka ezintandathu. Iimbono okuqale kwangethuba-1855, kodwa akazange afumane luphuhliso olungathethekiyo ngenxa kutshintshwe mlawuli (kunyaka ka Nicholas Ndaphumelela Alexander II). Isiphelo i iCrimea War wenza kube lula ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo zasekhaya kakhulu ngokukodwa. Ngoku ke inguqu yamaphephandaba iminyaka 60-70 ziye ngenkuthalo thethwana kwi kwizangqa aphezulu. Ukuhlaziywa lokuqala kunye ibalulekileyo - "IManifesto ukupheliswa serfdom" ngo-1861 kolu xwebhu kuphawula isikhumbuzo yesithandathu ahlale phezu kwetrone, Alexander II wanika abalimi inkululeko. Loo move wamtyhala Ezinye iinguqu yamaphephandaba iminyaka 60-70, wenza kube lula ukwenza ezinye iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. Noko ke, le luncedo apeyintwe umthunzi elibi. Kunye ne abalimi ezamahala ezifunyenweyo buqu ... Akukho nto. Land - umongikazi zazo eziphambili, wahlala kwi inceba umnini-mhlaba. Kuba kuyo, umlimi kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule imali lentlawulelo, akazange. Eneneni, abantu baye ishiyelwa nakwizibetho zabo. Ubukhulu becala ubethwe utshintsho kunye umnini kwezoqoqosho, kuba inyambalala abalimi bafudukela nemizi emsebenzini.

Loo utshintsho olukhulu kweli lizwe kwakhokelela kwezinye iinguqulelo yamaphephandaba iminyaka 60-70. Ezi ziquka emaphandleni, nezigwebo, emkhosini, kamasipala kunye zemfundo.

On uguquko kwezomthetho waqalisa umtshutshisi kunye negqwetha. Ngoku ke inkundla iye zinokuphikiswa. Eyona kwezigqibo yaba labagwebi, leyo eniye nasinikela isivakalisi ityala le ndoda. Judges indima eyabelwe kuphela esweni ukuchaneka sicatshulwa yenkqubo.

guqula Zemstvo kwakuquka ukuqaliswa self-government entsimini. Ngoku zemstvos singabala abameli bawo onke iiklasi. Phakathi ukufaneleka Zemstvos Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukumiselwa kwesixokelelwano zamaziko emfundo kunye zonyango.

uguquko Military kubandakanya ukuyilwa umkhosi rhoqo inkonzo yabasebenzi jikelele. Noko ke, ixesha layo kakhulu lincitshiswe. Endaweni engama-25 ngoku efikelela kuma kwiminyaka emithandathu ezithile amasebe zomkhosi. Kwi inkonzo zazibizwa kufanelekile ngenxa yezizathu zempilo abantu abaye ufikelele kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye.

Ndafumana iingenelo ezithile kunye nohlaziyo emfundo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, wonke umntwana kwafuneka ukuba bafumane imfundo esisiseko, ukufikelela kwimfundo ephakamileyo wavula ngokusesikweni kubantu bazo zonke iiklasi zentlalo, iiyunivesithi kwamkela okuzimela enkulu.

iinguqu yamaphephandaba iminyaka 60-70, Kakade ke, kwafuneka iziphumo ezintle. Ngenxa kwakhe eRashiya ukusuka kwilizwe kwezolimo ukuba lwaba-mveliso, nangona kwicandelo lezolimo nangoku ithatha umthamo omkhulu kuqoqosho. Noko ke, uphuhliso lwamashishini waqhubeka ngokukhawuleza. Olo tshintsho ayixhaswa yi bonke. Against Alexander II wajika nentshutshiso populists, abo ngokuphindaphindiweyo amalinge ebomini bakhe. Ngowe-1881, le umzamo yaba yimpumelelo, kodwa imoto sele laphehlelelwa iinguqu yaye ekugqibeleni lizwe singene kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso.