Seljuk Turks. History of Asia

Enye boyisa loyikekayo aphakathi Asia kwakukho Seljuk Turks. Bathi kwamashumi ambalwa nonokudala umbuso omkhulu ngexesha lakhe, nto leyo ke, kungekudala wawa ngaphandle. Kodwa ezi siyinxalenye yeyona bukhosi wanikela ubomi nokuba States ezinamandla ngakumbi. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni eyenza i Seljuk Turks, ukuba bangobani nalapho.

ethnogenesis Seljuk

Okokuqala, kufuneka ukuba ukujonga apho wenza i Seljuk Turks. inkangeleko zazo iqulethe iimfihlelo ezininzi mbali.

Ngokutsho uguqulelo ixhaphakileyo, ukuba omnye amasebe Oguz zamaTurkic izizwe. Oguz wena, mhlawumbi, oko kubangelwa ukudideka kwi kummandla Central Asia, Ugric zasekuhlaleni kunye nezizwe Sarmatian evela bangaphandle Turks, kunye ubukho lwamanani kunye nezenkcubeko le yokugqibela. Njengabantu abanye eTurkey izizwe, Oguz ababenza ephila izilwanyana, kwakunye behlasela kwezinye izizwe. Ekuqaleni, baba akhonze ka enamandla Khazar Khanate, kodwa kamva baba ekwanti nemibutho karhulumente zabo kumacala omabini Syr Darya, nekomkhulu yayo Yangikent, eziqhutywa Yabgu.

Education Seljuk State

Kwinkulungwane IX amanene Oguz Tokak Ibn Luqman isizwe Kınık wafudukela kunye nabantu phantsi kwinkonzo ye-Khazar Khanate. Kodwa ukuhla kwamandla kwi Khazars, wabuyela Central Asia, apho wayeza ukukhonza Oguz Yabgu Ali, kanjalo waba umntu wesibini ubalulekileyo kwi State of the Oguz.

Tokak wazala unyana ogama Selcuk, ngelo xesha elinye wakhonza kunye noyise ukusuka Khazars. Emva kokufa Tokak Selcuk efunyenwe Yabgu isihloko syubashi (mkhosi). Kodwa ke ngokuhamba kwexesha ubudlelwane phakathi umlawuli kunye Seljuk karhulumente Oguz iingxaki. Esoyikela ubomi bakhe ubomi omthandayo, Selcuk wanyanzeleka ukuba umhlala phantsi kunye namalungu esizweni sakowabo ukuya kwelisezantsi kumazwe Muslim ngo-985, apho aguqulwa ku Islam. Wangena inkonzo Samanids, ngubani ngegama ingqalelo iirhuluneli Khalifa e Central Asia, kodwa eneneni abalawuli ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo.

Emva koko bagaye abantu, Selcuk phantsi kwebhanile yokholo omtsha emva imeko Oghuz, wakhokela ekulweni Yabgu. Ngoko ke, lo ubutshaba lobuqu Ali kunye Selcuk yaba jihad Muslim. Kungekudala, lo mphathi oselula likwazile wasithimba isixeko Jenda enkulu ahlale apha. Wakwazi ukudibanisa ezinye izizwe zamaTurkic, ngaloo ndlela emisela isimo sabo amancinci kodwa. yaba likomkhulu umzi Jenda. Kwaye zonke elafikayo phantsi kwebhanile zezizwe Seljuk yaziwa embalini njengoko Seljuk Turks.

Ukomelezwa ombuso

Ngelo xesha, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XI i Samanid karhulumente yawa phantsi Ukuhlasela omnye enamandla zamaTurkic Union - Karakhanids. Ekuqaleni waxhasa Seljuks ekulweni overlords zabo - Samanids, bona apho bafumana iinzuzo ezinkulu kunye lokuzimela kulawulo kumazwe abo, kodwa emva kokuwa inkonzo wafudukela Karakhanids.

Emva kokufa Seljuk karhulumente obulawulwa noonyana bakhe abahlanu: Israil (igama zamaTurkic of Arslan), Mikail, uMusa Yusuf kunye uYunus. Chief wayengunyana omdala ka Israil. Yena komelezwa ngamandla Seljuks kule ngingqi.

Israil wayetshate intombi umlawuli Karakhanids Ali Tegin. Wathumela kwisixeko esilikomkhulu eBukhara kwinkonzo ka Ali tegin abatshana bakhe, oonyana Mikail - Togrul kunye Daud (Chagry Bey), ukudliwa enkulu apho siza kuxoxa ngezantsi.

Ngelo xesha, xa uphikisana kunye Qarakhanids ixhaswa Seljuks, beza umlawuli onamandla Gazny Mahmud. Waphumelela kwi 1025 capture kaSirayeli, ngubani entolongweni wafa kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva. Esi siganeko kwaphawula ukuqala somzabalazo phakathi Ghaznavids kunye Seljuks, owaba intloko Mikail, akhuselweyo eBukhara.

enkulu

Emva kokufa Mikail amandla ilifa phakathi koonyana bakhe - kunye Togrul Beg Chagry, umthetheli phakathi koko kuqwalaselwe kuqala. Impixano phakathi kwabo kunye Ghaznavids bonke okudityanisiweyo okuyinzala de zisonjululwe idabi omkhulu Dandakane apho Seljuk Turks yaphumelela uloyiso ukudilika ngo-1040. Emva kokuba isivumelwano yoxolo owalwamkelayo ilifa lonke Khorasan, lwasuswa Ghaznavids, kunye Togrul unelungelo ke kubizwa ngokuba Sultan.

Kwiminyaka ezayo, i Seljuk Turks woyisa lonke Iran kunye Khorezm. Ngowe-1055 oko yathinjwa Njengekomkhulu caliphate - isixeko Baghdad. Ke Togrul, ukuba iMuslim othembekileyo, washiya igunya yokomoya umbusi, kwaye imbuyekezo kulo wafumana amandla liphezulu zexeshana kunye nokumkani eMpuma West isihloko.

Emva koko, lo Seljuks baqalisa behlasela zabo phezu boMzantsi eCaucasus and Asia Minor, ngelo xesha ekule uBukhosi baseByzantium. Enye indawo Togrul iqhotyoshelwe ngqo imeko yabo, ngamanye etyalwe etroneni izalamane, nangowesithathu - beshiya amandla kubalawuli bengingqi, bethatha kubo waqubuda.

Seljuk Empire

Ekupheleni ubomi Togrul kwakheka wokwenene Seljuk Empire, wolula kuLwandle Aral esempuma ukuya eCaucasus and Asia Minor imida ukuya ngasentshona. umphathi Great wafa ngo-1063, edlula igunya elongamileyo ukuba umtshana wakhe ALP Arslan, ngubani na unyana Chagry Bey.

Noko ke, ALP Arslan akazange ayeke kwi impumelelo umalume wakhe, waza waqhubeka nokwandisa umbuso. Wakwazi ukoyisa eGeorgia kunye eArmenia, yaye ngowe-1071, hayi nje babulala oyalele ukoyiswa yaseByzantium kwi Manzikert, kodwa wayithimba ngumlawuli wayo. Kungekudala emva koko, phantse zonke Malaya Aziya yaba Seljuk Turks.

Ngowe-1072, xa ALP Arslan wathumela umkhosi wakhe Karakhanids, zenziwe iinzame phezu kwakhe. kungekudala amanxeba Sultan wafa, ukudlulisela etroneni unyana wakhe minor Malik Shah.

Nangona ebuntwaneni, Sultan entsha ukucinezela mvukelo kwavuka. Wakwazi azithwale azisuse eSiriya nasePalestina evela Fatimid karhulumente, leyo ungayamkeli igunya Khalifa, ngokokuze ukwamkela wokukhonza Karakhanids. Xa ifika amandla alo ubuninzi karhulumente Seljuk.

Ukuhla of the Empire Seljuk

Emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1092, Malik Shah waqalisa ukwehla lobukhosi enkulu, ke leyo eneneni yahlulwa phakathi koonyana Sultan, rhoqo inxaxheba yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye. Le meko iye sibi ekuqaleni Yomnqamlezo Western Knights kunye 1096, kwakunye nokuqiniswa yoBukhosi baseByzantium phantsi Comnenus Minor. Ukongeza, wawa angabikho kummandla intsimbi Empire apho amasebe kwicala lasekunene Seljukids.

Ekugqibeleni, emva kokufa nabanye abazalwana yokutyiwa bukhosi ngo-1118 ezibe ezandleni Ahmad Sanjar. Loo Ephakamileyo Sultan ophelileyo, nto leyo wayeyiqonda Seljuk Turks. History of the Empire Seljuk, eyaphela ngo 1153 kunye ngokufa kwakhe.

Sokonakalisa lokugqibela ngamandla Seljuk

Kudala phambi kokufa Sanjar ubukhosi yawa kude kumazwe yonke, leyo ilawulwa yi-Seljuk Minor amasebe lateral. Ngoko ke, ngo-1041 eyasekwayo Karmansky Sultanate-ntshona Iran, olwaqhubeka kwaze 1187. Ngowe-1094 ngokwahlukana Syria Sultanate. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho kwayo iminyaka engama-23. Ngomhla wama-1118 akhawunti isiseko sultanate Iraqi, ogama kuwa yomhla nyaka 1194.

Kodwa zonke siyinxalenye yeyona Seljuk uBukhosi, i Sultanate elide sahlala of Rum (okanye Rum), ibekwe eAsia Minor. Ngunozala yale karhulumente ngumtshana ALP Arslan Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, nto leyo eyaqala kunye 1077 ulawulo.

Iindlalifa yomphathi ukomeleza nokwandisa sultanate; ibide amandla yayo ephezulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII. Kodwa ke ayehlasela Mongols phakathi kwenkulungwane enye, kutshanje kwamenyezel Seljuk karhulumente. Ekugqibeleni, oku yaphela ibe beyliks ezininzi (iingingqi), kuphela ngokusesikweni ilawulwe Sultan. Ekugqibeleni Sultanate of Rum zayeka ukubakhona ngo-1307.

Ukufika Ottoman

Kwanangaphambi kokuba kutshatyalaliswe lokugqibela Sultanate of Rum, omnye abalawuli bakhe, Kay Kubad ngo-1227 wavumela ukuba bafudukele kummandla karhulumente ukuya kwesinye sezizwe Oguz - ukhokelwa Kaya Ertogrul. Ngaphambi koko, eli isizwe owayehlala kummandla Iran namhlanje.

UNyana Ertogrul Osman yakhiwa ngo-Asia Minor urhulumente omtsha Turkish, apho kamva wafumana igama Ottoman. Kunye nabalandeli bakhe ukuba Power sitsala iindawo enkulu Asia, eAfrika naseYurophu, kubume belizwe ngaphezu ubukhulu uBukhosi Seljuk. Njengoko ubona, i Seljuk Turks and Ottoman - amakhonkco kwikhonkco lwamaqumrhu karhulumente ezilandelelanayo.

Ixabiso iinzuzo of Seljuks

Seljuk Turks ukoyisa kubaluleke gqitha kwimbali. Bevula ithuba sokungena olunzulu izizwe zamaTurkic kwintshona Asia. Baye zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa eziliqela amaqela mihla iintlanga: Azeri, Turks, qizilbash kunye nenani kwezinye iintlanga.

Kwakhona, musa ukulibala ukuba ezihlangwini de facto le Seljuk karhulumente yaba nkulu Ottoman, apho waba nempembelelo enkulu phezu ziinkqubo, kungekuphela Asia kodwa eYurophu.