Ngoobani aba Khazars yi imvelaphi? Khazars - zamaTurkic abathetha abantu amadlelo

Nakule bobabini lizwe lethu namazwe angaphandle eswele iimbekiselo ukuba impucuko yamandulo xa belimiwe ntsimi langoku. Ngoko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukwanda kakhulu umdla ebukumkanini Khazar, leyo sisiqalo ixesha yethu ebekwe kwenye indawo kwi esezantsi kuyo iVolga. Umdla kwesi sifundo bukhulu kangangokuba amaphephancwadi yezenzululwazi kunika incwadi enikelwe nesihloko, iqela lam lokuqala. Imfihlakalo iphambili yale bantu kukuba izazinzulu nangoku ukuphikisana ngokuba ngubani babedalelwe Khazars.

Mhlawumbi baya kuba nomdla uthando enjalo, ukuba sisekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba le Khazars aba iminyanya amaYuda mihla. Izazinzulu abaninzi bayavuma ukuba iminyanya kolu hlanga. Le mbono ixhaswa data zakudala ezibalulekileyo wakutshanje avumela ukuthetha ngokuthembekileyo ngaloo imfuduko adumileyo amaYuda eYiputa wayengekho. Abantu bakhona, kodwa imvelaphi yayo kungacacanga kude kube sekupheleni.

Kungenxa yoko le nto engamashumi amabini edlulileyo ukujonga Khazars baqhubeka ngenzondelelo redoubled. Kukholelwa ukuba lo myalezo yokuqala ezithembekileyo malunga Khazars libhalwe emhlabeni nyaka 550 AD, xa baqalisa ukuvakalisa ngenkuthalo ngokwabo kwi imeko ngamazwe ngelo xesha. Makhe sizame ukulandela indlela yabo.

Wabuyela emva ukusuka igama elithi "Khazars"?

Phi igama ngokwalo wahamba "Khazars"? Intsingiselo yegama elithi (njengoko kulinganiswa yi-dictionary yeminyanya) "hazit" ziyalandeleka ngokuba 'abakrwada, nifunge. " Eminye imithombo bathi "kwez '- nekratshi, indoda bekrwada. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kwe "hazom" kufuneka iqondwe nohlaza, ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nemveliso eninzi. Khumbula ilizwi "ayithandeki", oko nje inayo isimamva modified "kwez", kodwa libhekisela uhlobo skimpy, into embi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, igama elithi "window yokuxhela" lisetyenziswa xa isenzeko okanye into kuvela ngokugqithiseleyo iluhlaza, ngeyona ndlela.

Ukongeza, i-Ingqumbo yeminyanya enye uthi igama elithi "othazovat" Amazwi elilingana "ukuhamba, uphuma." Ngoko njani, ke, ukuba ukutolika elithi "Khazars"? Ithetha ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuba musa ukuzama ibattery le etymology. Ukuba ungumgqithi ilizwi ube zahlulo zithathu, oko kukuthi, "ha", "s" kunye "ar", ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuba kufutshane kakhulu intsingiselo eli gama siyinikwe ookhokho bethu. Kwimeko ukuba zibek njenge "iyithathe Arom (Yarile)", Kubonakala ukuba igama elithi "Khazars" kusenokwenzeka ukuba licaciswe ngokuthi "abavela eMpuma."

Ukusuka Huns ukuba hazarm

Ngoko ke ngubani na Khazars yi imvelaphi? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Classic ayohlala iqela nobuhlanga imvelaphi eTurkey. Ekuqaleni, babehlala kummandla phakathi Black kunye lweCaspian ziilwandle. iingxelo zembali bathi emva ayehlasela Huns aba Khazars eMpuma Yurophu. Nazi nje indibanisela engacacanga kakhulu "Huns emva weza", kunye nababhali azibhala kwezesayensi igcinwe kule akhawunti cwaka alwela ngokwenene.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba bahlala kwezo ndawo baqala ukubizwa ngokuba Khazars Huns kunye nabantu zamaTurkic ngesiquphe, kodwa ezinye iinketho Kwakhona ayikho ngaphandle. Ngoko eli xesha imbali yazo mhlawumbi kunazo zonke.

A bit malunga Huns

Hi ndlela leyi, abo ngokwabo i Huns? Oku abantu ephila, leyo kwasekwa-II IV eminyaka. kule Urals. ookhokho babo aba abantu zamaTurkic abathetha efanayo (uhlanga Hsiung-Nu), owafika kwinkulungwane yesibini ye-Central Asia. Ukongeza, igalelo layo ukuvela uhlanga olutsha wenza abantu balapha Ugric kunye amaSarmatia. Hunnu ngokwazo kunokuba ukwazi imvelaphi, ekubeni izinyanya Caucasoid abantu abavela yeChina, ngubani ayephume aya kuba malunga eliwaka neminyaka ngaphambi lamaKristu kwexesha.

Kodwa ke ukufunda bezinto zakudala Chinese bathi ukuya kwi Urals ukuba hunnu kuyirhola ngohlobo amaqela akwanti multi-yobuhlanga, iye yajika yaba bantu odidi loonothwal endleleni. Inyaniso kukuba e North China, uhlanga catastrophically nkqi anyamalale, engakwazi ukukhuphisana abanamandla ngokwezizwe. Ngenxa yoko, Hun zaye ngokucacileyo ukusekwa ubukhulu becala ugrami. Igama generic le Khanty kunye Mansi, ngelo xesha babehlala kulo mmandla. Kungenzeka, ezi zizwe baba bodwa nkqu yesithathu yeminyaka BC.

Ekuqaleni Ugric abantu abahlala ehlathini-emathafeni of Western eSiberia, kwezinye iindawo kufikelela ukuya Irtysh. AmaSarmatia wenza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu ukuba ukuyilwa abantu Khazar.

ubudlelwane Khazar ne baseTurkey

Ehlabathini AD ngenkulungwane yesithandathu, i Khazars zaye axhatshazwe yi abanamandla lohlanga Khanate. Isimanga, kodwa abaphandi alifumananga naziphi na ukukhankanywa ingxubevange inter-yobuhlanga, nangona lo mhlola kungaba kakuhle.

Indida zembali: nangona amandla abo bonke, wathi Khanate kwathatha ixesha nje aphakame kakhulu elifutshane ngemilinganiselo zembali - ukususela kwiminyaka 552 ukuya 745 BC. e. Ngokwabo Turks yavela ngenxa yokuba 460 wayengomnye zezizwe Hun (kwaye kwakhona sibuyele kuyo), nto leyo ebizwa Ashina, yoyiswa ngabantu Jujan. On Ashin ungasigcini naluphi na uhlobo ulwazi oluthembekileyo. Xa ukuqondana, kwakunjalo ngexesha elifanayo uninzi Hsiung-nu yatshatyalaliswa Juan-Juan. Emva koko Ashinov abantu zabuyiselwa yeqondo eliphantsi ukuya besekhaya.

Kungenxa kule ndawo kwaye kwabakho njengabantu abanamandla ephila, eyaziwa kuthi "Turks". Igama Generic yezi zizwe livela elithi "tyurya 'Russian apho ookhokho bethu ebizwa ukutya kakhulu elula: isonka awohloka okanye crackers kunye kvass kunye itswele (okanye ukwahluka). Ngamafutshane, ngexesha baseTurkey namajoni ngaphandle kwalowo Ugrians nezizwe Sarmatian Ashin yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano semi-bangafi.

Imbali Khanate ukubunjwa

Kulo nyaka 545 abantu woyisa nabaphumi-Uighurs, yaye ngo-551 kwaba wokukhutshwa Milawu Zsuzsanna. Nakule kwaloo minyaka oko ngokukodwa iphawulwe inkokeli Bumyn othe ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi kuye kuxelwa ngokwayo Hagan. Le mbasa kwenziwa kuphela phakathi kwamaJuda. Sele 555, bonke abantu bomthonyama aba phantsi kolawulo Turkish. "Izinga Ephakamileyo" Khanate wafuduselwa efikelela kuyo i Orkhon komlambo, apho bahlala phantse onke Khazars. Abantu beli mandla zomkhosi ezikhulayo ngononophelo kwaye lokwandisa.

Sele ngenkulungwane ye-yesithandathu BC sixhomekeke Hagan wayifumana phantse zonke izizwe Northern China. Kungekudala Turks angene umfelandawonye zomkhosi uBukhosi baseByzantium, emva kokuba imikhosi edibeneyo baqalisa imfazwe kunye Iran ukwenzela ukulawula i-Great Silk Road. Sele 571, umda wabaleka ecaleni Amu Darya Khanate. kwiminyaka nje emihlanu kamva baseTurkey likwazile ukuthatha Bosporus (Kerch), kodwa kunyaka 581 Access panel ngokupheleleyo Hersonissos.

Kodwa Khazars?

Ukubuyela kule Khazars. Benento yokwenza ngayo apha? Isibakala sokuba ababhali-mbali ezininzi ubungqina ngelo xesha yinxalenye yesi Khaganate wayesele Khazar "yesebe". Kodwa ngubani yaye kutheni wanika abantu bamoyisile amalungelo ezinjalo? I Turks zange ncam bamkelwa uhlobo lwentando yesininzi, kwaze ngenxa yeso sizathu ukuba indalo le Khazar Khanate na. Noko ke, kukho esinye ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi stroke ingcaciso ...

Inyaniso kukuba phambi ekuweni karhulumente Turkish wayeneminyaka eli-100 kuphela ubudala. Ukukhulisa iingxaki zangaphakathi, kwakukho ubunzima kunye nemida eyodwa. Mhlawumbi iqela owayamileyo uhlanga lunyanisekile kakhulu baseTurkey ukuba baye bavumela ukuba ukudala imeko yabo Khazars, kutshintshiselwano iziqinisekiso ukunyaniseka wabo kwixesha elizayo.

Kodwa ke izele ephikisanayo. Isibakala sokuba ababephila wathetha Khazars kuphela mbuya, ukuba abe namandla ukuloyisa ngexesha kuphangwa, kodwa intsebenziswano onengqondo phakathi kwabo kwakungenjalo. Kumaphepha phantse yonke imisebenzi ababephila ngexesha labo, siyabona ukuba ubomi kunye nemisebenzi Khazars baba okufana mbuya: iinkomo, uhlaselo rhoqo phezu kweentshaba, ingxabano lwangaphakathi.

Ewe, baba ikomkhulu, yayifumaneka for Hagan. Kodwa kuphela "ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo", yaye amandla okuyalela abameli ngokuzalwa enkulu nje wayengekho apho. Iyathandabuzeka into yokuba baseTurkey nako kuwenza nabo isivumelwano ebaluleke enjalo. Ukanti Khazars - abantu kakhulu ezithile, njengabo bonke mbuya.

Le ngokoyisa eCrimea naseKiev

Enoba lwalunjani, kodwa ngenkulungwane VII-VIII BC, baye bakwazi ukoyisa Kiev ne eCrimea. mbali abaninzi bathi ngelo xesha izizwe Slavic waqalisa imbeko kubo. Apha kuphela Khazars nto kuthi kanti ibiya kufana namandla karhulumente central Khazars. babeza Siqokelela njani le unikelo efanayo, ukuba akuzange siseko, inkqubo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngophuhliso zolawulo?

Ekugqibeleni, ukuya kwinqanaba le-Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, baba kakhulu, kude. Kungenzeka, i "irhafu" libhekisela ezo ziganeko kuye, xa abemi izixeko ongqingiweyo ukhetha ukuthenga off omnye Nomad anzima. Ewe, kwaye indlela yobomi kunye nemisebenzi Khazars akazange negalelo ekusekweni amandla kakhulu phezu kwezinye iintlanga: Khanate waba owahlukeneyo kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba irhuluneli sele uchithe ixesha ukubamba esi sakhiwo evakalala phakathi ubuncinane umyalelo othile.

Xa intloko uhlanga Khazar ngoko hakan and "nesekela 'run yakhe. Isixeko elikomkhulu Khazars Khanate waba Valangiar (Astrakhan) uze Sarkel (yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo 1300). Kwakusazeka ukuba ngexesha inxaxheba kurhwebo India. Ngo-965, imikhosi Khazar oyiswa ngamatutu Prince Svyatoslav. Ngowe-1016, bagxothiwe yimikhosi emanyeneyo Russian kwanamaGrike, owawukhokelwa Mstislav Tmutarakan.

Ukwamkelwa zobuJuda

imithombo emininzi zembali basixelela ukuba ngenkulungwane yesibhozo Khazars esamkelwa kubuYuda. Kodwa makhe sibuyele ekuqaleni kweli nqaku. izazinzulu Israeli abadumileyo ingxelo ukuba inkqubo Asmal, amaYuda kunye Khazars beza kuphela ngo-1005. Kodwa ke Bumyn atshintshelwe ebuYudeni kwiminyaka 500 ngaphambi koko? Kule nkalo, le mbali kukho imibuzo emininzi. Apha izezona eqhelekileyo:

• Ngubani phakathi Turks and Khazars ukuba ngelo xesha ukwenza ebuYudeni, amaYuda ukuba kusekho nkqu kusondela kuyo?
• Unokuluqhelisela njani kubuYuda, kodwa kungekhona ukuba ungumJuda? Zonke iincwadi ezingcwele bakwaSirayeli bathi oku akanakuba!
• Ekugqibeleni, ngubani wevangeli lobuYuda iminyaka 500 ngaphambi kokufika wamaYuda?

Ngelishwa, yonke le mibuzo akukho iimpendulo ezicacileyo. Kungenzeka, kukho ukudideka. Ukuba kunjalo, akukho nto ayimangalisi kule: ukususela ngelo xesha babe ukuthembeka luncinane epheleleyo yamaxwebhu ukuba ababhali kufuneka yaneliswe encwadini yeembali eziphambili. Kwaye bayazi ukuba musa ukungabonakalisi yonke undoqo kwakusenzeka ntoni, njengoko awo ngokuphindaphindiweyo zizezaloo pati elilawulayo.

Kangangokuba ngoku thina sinokuthi ngokuqiniseka okuphelele yintoni ekuqaleni Khazars, ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo ayikho simple kangaka. Ukuba ayenzi ubuJuda, amaYuda aba phakathi ookhokho babo.

Iimfihlakalo kokufa Khazar Khanate

Xa monographs Soviet yembali ingafunyanwa ingcamango ukuba Khazar Khanate wawa ngenxa yokunqongophala banal indawo yokuhlala, nto leyo enyamalala amanzi oLwandle lweCaspian wachitha. Umbhali wale vekeleke - L. N. Gumilev. Wacebisa ukuba ngenkulungwane VII-VIII Khazars zokuhlala ezinkulu ngenxa yobumenemene umhlaba zaye ahlambe nje kude. Noko ke, Gumilev njalo Cingela unesibindi kakhulu.

LobuYuda - unobangela ekuweni Khanate?

Ababhali-mbali ezingenziwanga imvelaphi Israeli wavakalisa icebiso umdla kakhulu. Bakholelwa ukuba ngokuwa kwaye kwenziwa ulwamkelo Khanate lobuYuda, ezenzeka ngexesha yomphathi uObhadiya. Wavele, lo Hagan waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe wobuvangeli ethile Ekuveleni IX-X leminyaka. Ukuphawulwa imisebenzi yakhe ingafumaneka kwi "The Life of Ioanna Gotskogo."

umphengululi Arabic Masudi wabhala ukuba emva ukwamkelwa lobuYuda Hagan esebukumkanini bakhe baqalisa ukuba abuthele amaJuda avela kulo lonke ihlabathi. AmaYuda akhawuleza loni iibhloko ezinkulu phantse yonke imizi Khazar, kwaye ingakumbi eninzi kubo kwi eCrimea, kwaye elikomkhulu Khazars (Valangiar) kwenzeka "indumezulu" yokwenene zemfuduko. abaninzi kakhulu ziye zazinza Itil. Ngokutsho ababephila, "amaYuda yangqinga etroneni kaObhadiya." Bacebise ukuba Kagan wanika amaYuda amaninzi amalungelo, avunyelwe ahlale kuyo nayiphi emizini. Kagan Wakhuthaza ukwakhiwa zesikhungu kunye nezikolo zonqulo, wamkelwa ngokufudumeleyo zo yamaYuda, endowing ngesisa kubo ngemali.

AmaJuda kakuhle abafundileyo, owaziyo kakuhle kurhwebo ... kodwa ke ukholo lwawo, nto leyo yingozi Khanate. Sele ethetha into yokuba Khazar urhulumente sele ayahlukanga iinkqubo zolawulo ngokukhethekileyo kuphuhliswa. Ukwamkelwa yezikhulu ophakamileyo zobuYuda ubuyile uninzi abalingwa banawo amandla ephakamileyo ngaphandle abangcwele. Kuba inkoliso iqhosha Khazars yaba ngokoluvo kumadoda amakhulu, yaye abazange ukondla uthando ekhethekileyo kumaYuda.

A nomzabalazo amandla Khaganate. Kwabakho ukubambana, ezinye Khazars edibeneyo kunye Turks and Hungarians, owayephila emhlabeni Pecheneg. Bengena kumanyano zokuxhamla yomkhosi kunye nezopolitiko. Ababephila wababiza "umdaniso." Oku, ingakumbi, ngokufuthi wabhala uKonstantin Porfirorodny.

Akumangalisi ke, elangatyeni imfazwe yamakhaya wayitshisa yena uObhadiya, yaye zombini ezihlangwini zakhe: uHezekiya uManase. amandla Utyando phezu urhulumente wathabatha phezu Chanukah, kuza umninawa uObhadiya. Ngexesha eCrimea, nto leyo ekhaya eninzi "maphondo", walihlawulisa rapprochement kumaYuda, weza phantsi Protectorate waseByzantium. Ngeli xesha kulo ilizwe Khazars babenyuka aweza Pechenegs, leyo ingxabano kwezopolitiko zonqulo ingabangeli ngokupheleleyo.

Njengoko ngokuwa Kaganate nempembelelo ubume nobuhlanga the Khazars?

Kufuneka siqonde ukuba ngaphandle ulwazi zonke ezi ilenze kunye amathuba, awukwazi ukuqonda ukuba ngubani na Khazars yi imvelaphi. Kwiminyaka yokugqibela Khanate yokutshintsha amalungu uhlanga yaba emibalabala emangalisayo. Ukuba sele ufunde inqaku, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo musa baqonde ukuba akazange Khazars baba ingakumbi lonke uhlanga. abantu ezikhoyo kunye neenkolo babetshintshana e kaganate ngesantya amangalisayo.

Ngoko ekugqibeleni Yabona le, Ninika imizekelo nobomi ongasekhoyo Khanate. Ngoko ke, ngo-730 Kagan Bulan amkele ubuYuda. Kulo nyaka 737, kwiminyaka nje esixhenxe kamva, i Khazars (iifoto ezinye izinto ezingcwele ngelo xesha ke kweli nqaku) sigxina Islam. Nge 740 775 ngonyaka baba ngamaKristu azinikeleyo phantsi ukusekelwa baseByzantium loMlawuli Konstantina Kopronima. Nge 786 wonyaka 809 - Islam kwakhona. Eli xesha yintsikelelo i Baghdad likaCaliph Harun al-uRashid. Nge 799 of 809 iminyaka, siyazi Kagan uObhadiya kwakhona ngenkuthalo ukukhuthaza "ubuYuda kwinginginya."

Ethnographers bakholelwa ukuba weqela labo lokuqala uhlanga phantse nto kwiminyaka engaphantsi kwama-100, ngoko ke Khazars ihlanganiswe kunye nabantu abathi Christianity and Islam,. Ekubulaleni yokugqibela Khazar Khanate (okanye mandithi, wakhe self-intshabalalo) Kwakhona wabonisa kucace ukuba ukuyilwa karhulumente enamandla ngokwenene ufuna igunya eyomeleleyo esembindini, leyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uyakwazi ukuthatha ingqalelo iminqweno kuzo zonke izifundo zakhe.

ukufa Final Kaganate

Akuyona konyaka emva kokuba isigqibo sokugqibela zobuYuda waqalisa intlungu kade kaRhulumente: 810 820 iminyaka imvukelo yakhe kuthuthunjiswa wayesele esaziwa kuthi, umdaniso owenzelwa; nge 822 of 836 minyaka bekukho ukuhlaselwa lomgadi Hungarians. Nge 829 wonyaka 842 ulawulo yaseByzantium koMlawuli Tiyofilo, owenza indlela Khazar Khanate ingxabano lokugqibela. Ngowe-965 Svyatoslav trashes amajoni Khazar, emva koko Kagan Bulan III okwesihlandlo sesithathu (!) Kuvakaliswa unqulo karhulumente lobuYuda. Njengokuba kakuhle kwakukho ukoyiswa epheleleyo Khazar Khanate?

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi zobuzwe zonqulo sizitsibe lonke ngenxa yokuba i Khazars ephele yayingeyonxalenye yi-Muslims. Ngenxa yoko, izizwe owayesakuba zamaTurkic, ngubani bakwazi ukwenza imfundo ngokwanelisayo ebalulekileyo karhulumente, baye baphelelwa ukuzimela kwabo emhlabeni wabo.

iziphumo

Konke oku kungentla kubonisa ukuba Khazars lula khona ngokwenyani. Ukongeza, i-khanate kwaye eneneni isenokuba zezabelo ngembali yamaYuda. Yenkolo, Noko ke, bakholelwa ukuba imvelaphi zobuYuda (kunye ubuKristu Islam) kweli tyala nemimoya yandile phakathi kwezizwe amadlelo. Oku, ngengozi, into eninzi kunene iboniswa ubuKristu, asazi igama likaThixo, kodwa sicinge ukuba zonke, nobabalo lwakhe yonke. Ngenxa yoko, izizwe zamaTurkic badlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso impucuko yanamhlanje, kuba ndininikile abantu sihamba.