Penneta grille - isisombululo elula iingxaki ezinzima

Penneta uthango, yaphakanyiswa yi-IsiNgesi Isazinzulu Penneta ukuququzelela isisombululo iingxaki iluncedo yemfuza. Xa kufikwa elifanayo imihlaba sifundo siqhutywa, uyakwazi uzame ukudala schema, umzobo okanye ukubala iinketho engqondweni. Kodwa xa siyifunda iimpawu ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, iitshati zizele zeesimboli iintlanga, niyikhumbule yonke imixube nje akunakwenzeka. Kwiimeko ezinjalo Penneta grille - yindlela entle kakhulu lula isigqibo.

Ngokusekelwe imithetho eyaziwayo yemfuza, siyazi ukuba yonke uphawu umgangatho nayiphi ephilayo okubhalwe kule DNA. Ingxenye molecule ayo uxanduva kukhombisa - sofuzo. Ekubeni zonke iseli ye umzimba enkabeni yalo iseti kabini zofuzo, kuvela ukuba iimpawu udibana isakhi enye, kodwa ekhoyo iifom ezimbini. Ewe kuthiwa alleles. Ukwazi ukuba nokuveliswa iseli (gamete) iqulathe uluhlu zofuzo, lahlulwe ngazo ezimbini, yaye ukukhumbula ukuba ezi seli akhiwa emzimbeni, siyaqonda ukuba loo nganye kwiseli intsholongwane ukhumbula enye okanye enye allele. Penneta grille idlulisela zonke iintlobo gametes kumzali ngalinye kunokwenzeka. irekhodi yazo phezu kwayo ukusuka iminqamlezo inxaxheba elinye kunye icala (idla ekhohlo) - phezu kwezinye. Ekudibaneni kwe kwikholam kunye imigca iseli sifumana indibanisela yemfuza umzukalwana eyayiza kubonisa ukuba iza ndizibonakalalise ngendlela enye okanye omnye umqondiso.

Yini na ukuba

Umgaqo Ukwakhiwa kwezi theyibhile iyafana, kodwa ngokubanzi, bagqiba ekubeni kunika okulandelayo iintlobo Penneta amaqoqo:

• nkqo-othe tye;
• bethana.

Kule ngobuwena wokuqala kwakhiwa itheyibhile esiqhelekileyo enezintlu kunye nemigca, kwaye eyesibini i ilozenji, apho iikona aphezulu zisecaleni bhala isiqu gametes kunokwenzeka lwabazali. Ukusebenzisa uhlobo yesibini kunqabile.

bangazisebenzisa

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, Penneta grille isetyenziswa ukusombulula iingxaki. Kuyinto indlela ecacileyo womzobo ekuvumela ukuba ukubala inzala kubangela ukuba nalo naliphi inani labasebenzi. Imigaqo ye ngesisombululo nayiphi na ingxaki kwi yemfuza ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo: ukumisela indlela isakhi ngasinye kuboniswa. Sicacisa genotypes lwabazali (indibanisela genes), ukuqinisekisa ukuba intsholongwane yesifo iiseli ukuze zimiswe kwi nganye eziphilayo lomzali. Faka idatha emkhusaneni Penneta, sifumana zonke genotypes inzalo kunokwenzeka. On kubo ungalawula, iya kukhangela ngathi ngamnye eziphilayo ngenxa ngayo.

Umzekelo elula kakhulu: ubude zofuzo iinwele ziikati, siya kubhekiselwe kuzo G kunye g. Qhuba cats cross-ukuzala nasezimvini elifutshane, ikati elide-iinwele. gene Long-iinwele na sofuzo, nto leyo ethetha ukuthi kuziveza kuphela kurhulumente homozygous, oko kukuthi, ikati bethu babe kuphela gg kweejini. Kodwa ikati zombini GG, kunye GG. Asikwazi ngalo imbonakalo (phenotype), kodwa sinako bafikelele kwisigqibo, ukuba ivela ikati neenwele ezinde sele wazalwa njengoko, ekati, ifomula wayo - GG. Makube njalo. Kwaye nanku efestileni elula:

Siye safumanisa ukuba-50% lwe ekati abe neenwele ezinde, utata. Kwaye esinye isiqingatha sabo elifutshane-iinwele, kodwa athwale zofuzo elide-iinwele, genotypes zabo ziyafana unina.