Alleles - ingcaciso ingqiqo, iindlela yentsebenziswano

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Kweejini iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yemfuza, nto leyo enze njengeyunithi eyodwa. Umsunguli yemfuza, Mendel, kwiincwadi zakhe, wachaza into wafumana ithuba enye kuphela ukusebenzisana alleles - xa kukho izinga lokuqaqamba ingundoqo (ukwanda) yomnye alleles, ngoxa yesibini kuhlala sofuzo ngokupheleleyo (zezenzi, okt akazibandakanyi .. ukusebenzisana). Noko ke, xa sithi ukuba ibinzana phenotypic ngezakhi (lwangaphandle, umbono wayo) ukuze Akufuneki baxhomekeke kuphela elinye okanye isibini zofuzo kuba sisiphumo impefumlelwano kwinkqubo yonke.

Enyanisweni ukusebenzelana iiprothini kunye nee-enzayim, kodwa zofuzo hayi.

Le iziseko genetic ahluka ezimbini kuphela iintlobo gene intsebenziswano - okokuqala sikuko impefumlelwano yemfuza allelic, owesibini, ngokulandelelana, non-allelic. Kuphela ukuze ziqondwe kunye kwicala eziphathekayo lo mbandela, kuba angavumelaniyo naziphi iingqikelelo kwincwadi yokufunda, kunye iiproteni ukuba kuhlelwe kwinkqubo ethile kwi ukuba kukho icytoplasm yeseli, kwaye isixa ezi iiproteni kwizigidi. Le program ngokwayo, eya kuhlanganiswa ngeeproteni kwaye ngenxa yoko, iya kuphuhlisa intsebenziswano ngakumbi siyifumana izakhi isebenza imiyalelo yangaphandle engalungiseleli zofuzo yeseli (organelles ultraskopcheskie iiseli).

Ziziphi gene zibizwa ngokuba alleles?

zofuzo Allelic - izinto zofuzo uphethe "indawo" efanayo (okanye ngeso) kwi zofuzo. Yonke into ephilayo liye alleles ku pair. Ukusebenzisana zofuzo allelic lunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi, ezi bizwa: kodominirovanie, superdominance, gcwalisa kwaye azigqibeleli ukukhonya.

zofuzo Allelic basebenzisane ngenxa yokonganyelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba lisalawula amanyathelo gene uyayityeshela ngokupheleleyo sofuzo. ukubalasela ezingagqitywanga kulwalamano kuthiwe, apho kukho sofuzo into zicinezelwa ayikho ngokupheleleyo kwaye ufumana, nangona ubuncinane, abathatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni imikhwa phenotypic.

Kodominirovanie kwenzeka ukuba yemfuza allelic kunamandla iimpawu zazo ngokuzimeleyo ngalinye enye. Mhlawumbi lo mzekelo yo fanekisela yi kodominirovaniya kwinkqubo yegazi AB0 apho ngokuzimeleyo ukusebenza zombini genes A no-B.

Superdominance - kukwandisa umgangatho ezibonisa phenotypic zofuzo lubalaseleyo ukuba "kubanjiswene" kunye sofuzo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba allele omnye 2 zemfuza ezibalaseleyo, ukuba kuvela mbi ngaphezu gene elibalaseleyo, ibekwe "kubanjiswene" kunye sofuzo.

allelism multiple

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ngalinye abaphilayo kuba-2 kuphela alleles allelic gene kodwa kunokuba kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe ezimbini - le nto kuthiwa allelism ezininzi. Nje bathi phenotypic imikhwa umboniso ingaba enye kuphela iperi alleles, oko kukuthi, lo gama abanye umsebenzi, abanye ukuphumla.

Phantse njalo homologous allele (twatse) inoxanduva uphuhliso kunye nembonakalo umqondiso efanayo, kodwa zahluke umgangatho ukubonisa yayo. Kwakhona allelism multiple ezendeleyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo gene intsebenziswano. Oko kukuthi, nangona abanoxanduva uphawu efanayo, kodwa, kuqala, bonisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, yaye okwesibini, ngokusebenzisa iindlela ngeendlela (epheleleyo, izinga lokuqaqamba buso, njalo njalo).

Kubonakala, kutheni le ukudideka? Yinto elula - kwisisele lwegciwane le a ophilayo unokufumana kuphela enye iperi alleles homologous, kodwa zonke ezikhoyo, sele uyayisombulula le meko. Yiyo le baze bayiphumeza inkqubo Ukwahluka kweentlobo leyo lidlala indima enkulu inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni eziphilileyo.