Units radiation. gaze iyunithi yokulinganisa radiation

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, inzululwazi lifikile igama elitsha - radiation. ukufunyanwa yayo yaguqula iingqondo zesayensi ehlabathini aze avunyelwe ukuba ulahle ezinye iingcamango Newtonian nokwenza uqikelelo ngqindilili malunga isakhiwo iphela, indalo yayo nendawo yethu kuwo. konke oku Kodwa - for iingcali. Le townsfolk kwakhona ncwina kuphela uze uzame ukuba isiziba kunye nolwazi saa ngalo mba. Sibe nzima inkqubo kukuba iyunithi yemisebe kukho into eninzi yaye zonke banelungelo.

lwesigama

Kwikota yokuqala, ekufuneka ukuhlangabezana - enyanisweni, imitha. Ngoko wabiza inkqubo ukukhutshwa na ubuncwane amasuntswana ngcaciso imfutshane, ezifana elektroni, protons, neutron, athom helium, kunye nabanye. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo iipropati imitha yamasuntswana kwahluka enye kwenye. Mhlobo yabonakala nokuba ukubola zizinto ezilula, nokuba kuyondelelaniswe zabo.

Imitha unit womlinganiselo - a lweengcinga eqhelekileyo ezibonisa amasuntswana ezininzi kangakanani eziziziqalelo kukhululwa mbandela. Okwangoku, physics isebenza kunye neeyunithi ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo, kunye nendibaniselwano zayo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuchaza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenzeke kunye lo mbandela.

ukubola Radioactive - utshintsho ukutshintsha nje ubume eziba engazinzanga athom usebenzisa ukukhululwa microparticles.

rhoqo ukubola - yinto ingqiqo manani, ukuqikelela yindlela yokuphumelela ye atom kangangexesha elithile.

Kwisiqingatha ubomi - ixesha lokuphumla apho abole isiqingatha semali kweziyobisi. Ezinye izinto yayo babale ngemizuzu, ngoxa abanye - iminyaka nkqu namashumi eminyaka.

Yintoni na radiation kulinganiswa

Iiyunithi zemilinganiselo radiation - hayi kuphela ezisetyenziswa ukuvavanya iimpawu ze radioactive materials. kusetyenziswa kwakhona amaxabiso ezifana:
- umthombo Umsebenzi radiation;
- ekubhobhozeni ingxinano (inani amasuntswana ionizing nganye unit indawo).

Ukongeza, kukho umahluko inkcazo ifuthe radiation kwi izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba into engaphiliyo, eza kusebenza kuyo magama:

- isikali wendele;
- umthamo exposure.

Ukuba ukusebenza yemisebe kwi inwebu ephilileyo, la magama alandelayo asetyenziswa:

- umthamo elingana;
- ithamo esebenzayo elingana;
- rate umthamo.

units radiation na, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngentla, amaxabiso eqhelekileyo yamanani ezithathwe zizazinzulu ukuququzelela izibalo kunye nantoni na awayefike sele yokwakha kunye neengcamango. Mhlawumbi le nto kungekho unit olulodwa yomlinganiselo.

Curie

Enye kwiiyunithi imitha kuyinto Curie. Ayingeni kwindlela yakho (asisiso kwinkqubo SI). ERashiya, kusetyenziswa physics yenyukliya kunye namayeza. into Active iya kulingana Curie enye ngomzuzwana ukuba oko kuya kwenzeka 3.7 milliardov ubola eqhumayo. Oko kukuthi ukuba Curie ulingana becquerels billion amathathu asixhenxe anamanci ezigidi.

Eli nani ngenxa yokuba kaMariya Kyuri (ngubani eyaziswa inzululwazi igama) baqhuba iimvavanyo zabo Radium waza wathabatha njengesiseko ekujikelezeni kwayo kubola. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, zesayensi ziye zagqiba ukuba ixabiso lenani kule yunithi kubhetele ukuba balandele ngqo omnye - becquerel. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukuphepha ezinye iimpazamo izibalo.

Ukongezelela Ci, unako rhoqo ukufumana iziphindwa okanye submultiples, ezifana:
- megacuries (lingana 3.7 ukuze becquerels degree 10 ukuya 16);
- kilocurie (3.7 amawaka ezigidi becquerels);
- mc (million 37 becquerels);
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

Ngale yunithi ingavezwa umthamo, umphezulu, okanye umsebenzi ethile lwento.

Becquerel

Unit yamathamo radiation Becquerel yi systemic kwaye ifakiwe Units (SI) inkqubo International. Kuyinto elula kakhulu, kuba umsebenzi radiation of becquerel omnye kuthetha ukuba ngoqobo kukho mnye kuphela ukubola radioactive ngomzuzwana.

Got igama layo imbeko Antuana Anri Becquerel, yamachiza French. Igama samkelwa ekupheleni khulu lokugqibela leminyaka kwaye isasetyenziswa nangoku namhlanje. Ukusukela ukuba oku iyunithi encane, lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela umsebenzi lwezimaphambili lokugqibela: Kilo, milli, micro, kunye nabanye.

Kutshanje, kunye Becquerel ezazisetyenziswa iiYunithi Common ezifana Ci kunye rd. Rutherford lulingana becquerels kwesigidi. Xa inkcazo bulk okanye umgangatho msebenzi kufunyanwa izihionipho Becquerel nganye ikhilogram Becquerel imitha (isikwere okanye cc) kunye nezakhi ezahlukeneyo yayo nganye.

I-x-reyi

Iyunithi yokulinganisa X-reyi radiation, kakhulu, akukho inkqubo, nangona ngokubanzi lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela idosi sesichengeni wafumana radiation gamma. Omnye X-ray idosi radiation apho omnye sentimitha cc komoya kwi noxinzelelo olusemgangathweni umoya kunye lobushushu zero unezibizo isigxina 3.3 * (10 * -10). Oku ulingana izibini kwezigidi ezimbini ion.

Nangona yokuba ngokwemigaqo yomthetho Russian, uninzi iiyunithi ezingezo-SI akuvumelekanga ukuba usebenzise-X-reyi asetyenziswe ngokuphawula dosimeters. Kodwa ke kungekudala ziya kupheza ukuba kusetyenziswa, njengokuba kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba irekhodi uze ubale konke engwevu sievert.

Ndiyavuya

Rad Unit wemitha ngaphandle inkqubo SI kwaye lilingana nenani radiation enjalo, apho yegram enye ukwimo usasazwa ugqithiselwa ziijowule nesigidi esinye amandla. Leyo yenye uyakholiswa - kuba 0,01 esiyijowule ikilogram lomba nganye.

A material ethintela amandla isenokuba nokuba inyama ephilayo, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo kunye neziyobisi: umhlaba, amanzi, umoya. Njengoko iyunithi Rad oluzimeleyo yaqaliswa ngo-1953 naseRashiya unelungelo asetyenziswe physics kunye namayeza.

Grey

Le yenye ngeyunithi lomlinganiselo kwinqanaba radiation, nto leyo ivunyiwe International System of Units. Oku kubonisa ithamo wendele of radiation. Kukholelwa ukuba iziyobisi lifumene ithamo obungwevu mnye, ukuba amandla ethunyelwayo ukuba imitha, ilingana esiyijowule enye ikilogram.

Le yunithi ifumene igama layo imbeko ISAZINZULU IsiNgesi Lewis Grey, kwaye ngokusesikweni yaziswa kwinzululwazi ngo-1975. Ngokutsho imithetho, igama elipheleleyo le yunithi libhalwe ileta nabancinci, kodwa shunqulelo yayo - into enye enkulu. Enye grey ilingana nekhulu Radama. Ngaphandle units ezilula, Science sebenzisa nkqu iziphindwa kunye sub-iziphindwa kwezilinganiswa zabo ezifana kilogram, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, kunye nezinye microg.

Sievert

Unit radiation sievert osetyenziswayo ukubonisa ngeedosi elingana ngokukuko radiation kwaye kwakhona zibandakanyiwe kwi-SI njengoko engwevu Bq. Ayisafani kwisayensi ukususela ngowe-1978. Enye Sv lilingana amandla eye wendele kilogram inyama ukufudumala emva kokuba sesichengeni semitha gamma. Igama unit lakhe igama emva uRolf Sievert, isazinzulu evela eSweden.

Ngokutsho nkcazelo, Sievert kunye Grays na, oko kulingana kunye nedosi Ugxile alingane. Kodwa ke umahluko phakathi kwabo lisekhona. Ekumiseleni idosi elingana eziyimfuneko akuwuqiqi kuphela ubuninzi kodwa ezinye iimpawu ze-radiation, ezifana kwamaza, awo, yaye apho izinto amele yona. Ngoko ke, ixabiso ngamanani idosi wendele of radiation iyanda yi-factor esemgangathweni.

Umzekelo, ukuba zonke ezinye iimeko ngokulinganayo, isiphumo ukufunxeka amasuntswana alpha uya kuba amaxesha amabini ngaphezu idosi enye ye radiation gamma. Ngaphezu koko, ithishu factor kufuneka ziqwalaselwe, nto leyo ebonisa indlela imizimba baphendule kwimitha. Ngoko ke, ithamo elingana isetyenziswa radiobiology kunye olusebenzayo - kwi-Occupational Health (ukubuyisela sesichengeni radiation).

njalo elanga

Kukho ingcamango yokuba ubomi emhlabeni bethu ekubonileyo njengoko radiation elanga. Iiyunithi zemilinganiselo ye imitha evela inkwenkwezi - calories kunye watts RMS nganye kwexesha unit. Ngoko kwagqitywa, ngokuba ubuninzi imitha yelanga ixhomekeke imali ubushushu leyo yenziweyo izinto, kwaye umfutho kuso nakwesiphi. Kuziwa Umhlaba nje isiqingatha sesigidi kwesixa-mali sisonke wamandla ekhutshwa.

Imisebe lenkwenkwezi leyo kusiwa isithuba ngesantya ukukhanya-atmosfera yethu isiba ngohlobo semitha. Le spectrum yalo imitha obanzi - ukusuka 'ingxolo emhlophe ", okt amaza erediyo-X-reyi. Amasuntswana nayo leyo kuwa kunye radiation - ezi protons, kodwa maxa wambi electron ingaba (xa kuphuma amandla yaba ngaphezulu).

I-radiation ukusuka elangeni, ungamandla uqhuba zonke iinkqubo abahlala emhlabeni. Umlinganiselo wamandla siya kusifumana uxhomekeke ixesha lonyaka, amalungiselelo iinkwenkwezi zezulu kunye elubala emoyeni.

ifuthe radiation on izidalwa eziphilayo

Ukuba twatse kwi iimpawu zabo zomzimba okufakwe oluneentlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation (kwi idosi enye nokuqina) ophilileyo, ngoko ke iziphumo ziya kwahluka. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukujonga iziphumo kuphela encinane ukufunxile okanye ithamo exposure, kokubini kwimeko izinto ezingaphiliyo. Evela kwi iyunithi imeko ionizing radiation, ezifana Grays kunye Sieverts rems, leyo alatha i idosi elingana radiation.

umthamo ebizwa esilingana zifunxwe izihlunu ophilileyo, ize iphindwe le phantsi kwemiqathango (tabular) ratio oluthathela ingqalelo indlela yingozi uhlobo radiation. Amaninzi kusetyenziswa ukubala i sievert. Enye sievert ilingana nekhulu beram. Ubukhulu ratio, ngokulandelelana, radiation yingozi. Ngoko ke, ngokuba photons yi - neyunithi, nangenxa neutron kunye amasuntswana alpha - mabini.

Ekubeni le ngozi eChernobyl eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe ico kufuneka anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwinqanaba sesichengeni kwemitha phezu kwabantu. ithamo yeNethiwekhi evela kwimithombo yendalo radiation mayingagqithi millisieverts ezintlanu ngonyaka ngamnye.

Action ye atom kwi izinto non zokuphila

amasuntswana Radioactive uphethe isigxina amandla ukuba adlulisele into, xa ujongene nayo. Kwaye okukhona bemchukumisa isuntswana endleleni yabo isixa esithile iziyobisi, kokukhona uya kufumana amandla. Isixa sayo yahlolwa ngeedosi.

1. umthamo baphilela - sisixa radiation eyafunyanwa kweziyobisi yesazisi. Ulinganiswa selilidala. Le ixabiso akhawunti ngenxa yokuba ifuthe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation kwinto eyahlukileyo.
2. ithamo Exposure - na idosi wendele, kodwa iqondo ionization kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ukusuka sesichengeni amasuntswana eqhumayo. Ulinganiswa coulombs kilogram nganye, okanye-X-reyi.