Le mvukelo e Poland ka-1830-1831: oonobangela, imfazwe, iziphumo

Ngowe-1830 - iminyaka 1831. ntshona yoBukhosi baseRashiya lawuzamazamisayo mvukelo ePoland. War National nxamnye nemvelaphi yokwanda ikukunyasha kwamalungelo yabemi balo, kwakunye revolution kwamanye amazwe World Old. Le intetho abathintela, kodwa echo wayo iminyaka emininzi ukusasaza lonke elaseYurophu yaye imiphumo kakhulu njengoko iyimiba echaphazela igama eRashiya kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

prehistory

Inxalenye enkulu Poland yaye yathathwa eRashiya ngowe-1815, ngokutsho Congress of Vienna emva iimfazwe Napoleonic. urhulumente omtsha wadalwa ekuhlambululeni inkqubo esemthethweni. Asanda wasungula Kingdom of Poland liye laqukumbela lemanyano lobuqu Russian. Ngokutsho ekunene koko uMlawuli Alexander I, esi sigqibo kukho ukusilela elifanelekileyo. Ilizwe ukugcina umgaqo-siseko wayo, wempi Ukutya, ekube kwezinye iindawo zobo bukhosi. Ngoku Yibone Russian ayenxiba kwakhona isihloko yokumkani Polish. E Warsaw, yena amelwe irhuluneli okhethekileyo.

uphakamo Polish yaba kudlula ixesha xa policy eSt Petersburg. Alexander I wayedume ngokuba liberalism wakhe, nangona angabi nako isigqibo kubekho uhlengahlengiso olukhulu eRashiya, apho kwakukho ngamandla yezikhulu endala. Ngoko inkosi baqaphele iiprojekthi zabo zibalaseleyo kubukhosi ecaleni yesizwe - ePoland eFinland. Kodwa, nkqu iinjongo ezininzi ebubonisayo ka-Alexander I baziphatha azingqinelani kakhulu. Ngowe-1815, yena unikwe uBukumkani Poland siseko silinene, kodwa wenza ungamxini amalungelo abemi zayo iminyaka embalwa, xa besebenzisa ukuzimela baqalisa ukuba abathethe kwi isondo nkqubo iirhuluneli Russian. Ngoko ke ngo-1820, i-Seimas akazange liphelise iimvavanyo labagwebi, yintoni Alexander wayefuna.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba iSABC lokuqala yaziswa ebukumkanini. Konke oku kuyeza nje mvukelo ePoland. Iminyaka le mvukelo Polish yenzeka nexesha conservatism kumgaqo-nkqubo bukhosi. Reaction ngukumkani kwilizwe ngokubanzi. Xa ePoland ngumzabalazo inkululeko kumaphondo umbindi eRussia uqhushululu ikholera ngokupheleleyo okubangelwa bhubhane kunye yedwa.

indlela uqhwithela

Ukuza amandla ka Nicholas andizange akathembisi imiqobo naziphi kwezono. Umlawuli wobukumkani omtsha kubonisa baqala kunye nokubanjwa kunye nesohlwayo le Decembrists. E Poland, elingumthombo, iye yakhula intshukumo yobuzwe anti-Russian. Ngowe-1830 eFransi kwakukho Julayi Revolution awazibhukuqayo Charles X, nto leyo Bavuya abaxhasi utshintsho olukhulu.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, le isizwe iphumelele inkxaso amagosa amaninzi odumileyo tsarist (phakathi kwabo kwakukho Jikelele iosif Hlopitsky). Le meko mbuso lwanabela abasebenzi kunye nabafundi. Ekunene-Bank Ukraine wahlala ukuba abaninzi ababengaxolanga isikhubekiso. Inxalenye zezibonda ayekholelwa ukuba la mazwe ababo yi ekunene, ekubeni yinxalenye Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, yahlulwe phakathi eRashiya, Austria kunye Prussia ngenkulungwane XVIII emva kwexesha.

IRhuluneli zobukumkani ngoko uKonstantin Pavlovich - umzalwana ngumdala Nicholas mna, nethe itrone emva kokufa Alexander I. Le iyelenqe babesiya ukumbulala kwaye unikeze uphawu kweli lizwe ukuze uqalise uqhushululu. Nangona kunjalo, le mvukelo ePoland ngokuphindaphindiweyo elinye ixesha. UKonstantin Pavlovich wayesazi malunga nengozi kwaye zange ashiye indawo yakhe yokuhlala e Warsaw.

Ngelo xesha, eYurophu, kwavuka elinye revolution - eli xesha Belgian. YamaKatolika inxalenye abathetha isiFrentshi yabantu Dutch waba wakhetha ukuzimela. Nicholas I, owayebizwa ngokuba "gendarme yaseYurophu" kwi umqulu wezithembiso zalo isaziso azikhabe ezo isiganeko yaseBelgium. E Poland kukho amarhe okuba ukumkani uza kuthumela umkhosi wayo ukucinezela imvukelo eNtshona Yurophu. Iyaphendulwa abaququzeleli kwimvukelo ekungxoleni Warsaw, le ndaba yaba umququ lokugqibela. Olu qhankqalazo ezicwangciselwe November 29, 1830.

Qala isiphithiphithi

At 6 emva kwemini ngosuku elimisiweyo iqela exhobileyo wahlasela enqabeni Warsaw, apho babemi Guards Lancers. Yaqala kwabulawa amagosa bahlala benyanisekile kombuso. Phakathi kwabo yahlatywayo uMphathiswa War Mauritsiy Gauke. UKonstantin Pavlovich wayekholelwa ukuba Pole ngesandla sakhe sokunene. Irhuluneli yena wasinda. ukhuseleko walumkisa wabaleka wemka ibhotwe yakhe kudala ngaphambi kokuba Kwabonakala ke squad Polish, wafuna intloko yakhe. Emva kokushiya Warsaw, Constantine wamsa amajoni Russian ngaphandle komzi. Ekubeni Warsaw waba ngokupheleleyo ezandleni abavukeli.

Ngosuku olulandelayo yaqala kwi Polish kweKhabhinethi - kwiBhunga soLawulo. washiya onke amagosa akhe pro-Russian. Ngokuthe ngcembe ayila isangqa kunye neenkokeli zomkhosi le mvukelo. Omnye bantu aba uLieutenant General iosif Hlopitsky, leyo ngokufutshane banyulwa zwilakhe. Ngexesha lonke longquzulwano, wazama kangangoko anako thethana ngeendlela Russian ozakuzo, njengoko ukuqonda ukuba izibonda abakwazi ukumelana wonke umkhosi komlawuli, kwimeko apho kuya kuthunyelwa ukucinezela mvukelo. Józef Chłopicki amelwe iphiko lasekunene bavukeli. neemfuno zabo uba kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye Nicholas I, ngokusekelwe kwi-siseko ka-1815.

Enye inkokeli UMichael Radziwill. indawo yayo wahlala kanye okwahlukileyo. abavukeli Okuninzi olukhulu (kubandakanywa nayo) nekucetywa ukuba reconquer Poland, yahlulwe phakathi Austria, Prussia naseRashiya. Ngaphezu koko, baye ingqalelo revolution yabo njengenxenye mvukelo Europe-ububanzi (ingongoma yazo engundoqo reference yaba Julayi Revolution). Kungenxa yoko le nto izibonda baye abafowunelwa abaninzi isiFrentshi.

zingxoxo

Warsaw waba ephambili ngenxa yokumpompoza isigqeba solawulo esitsha. 4 Disemba ukuvukela ePoland washiya ngasemva isehlakalo ebalulekileyo - wadalwa Provisional kaRhulumente, ebandakanya abantu abasixhenxe. Intloko yakhe yaba Adam Czartoryski. Waye ke umhlobo olungileyo Alexander I, yaba lilungu lekomiti zakhe ezifihlakeleyo, kananjalo waba ngumlungiseleli amazwe of Russia ngo-1804 - iminyaka 1806.

Phezu kwayo yonke loo ngemini elandelayo Józef Chłopicki wathi yena zwilakhe. Ukutya wenze nxamnye naye, kodwa inani inkokeli entsha yayithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, ngoko, iPalamente kwafuneka baleka. Józef Chłopicki akazange kuma kumsitho neentshaba. Wabhokoxa onke amandla ezandleni zakhe. Emva kokuba iziganeko zikaNovemba 29 eSt Petersburg zaye zathunyelwa yezingxoxo. Icala Polish ubenibanga, ukuba umgaqo-siseko wayo, kwakunye inzuzo ngokohlobo amaphondo asibhozo Belarus kunye Ukraine. Nicholas akazange avume ukuya kula magama, ethembisa kuphela uxolelo. Le ntsabelo kwakhokelela ekunyukeni ngakumbi imbambano.

January 25, 1831 lithathe isigqibo malunga lokumkani detronizatsii Russian. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, uBukumkani Poland akusekho banawo uNicholas titulature. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba Józef Chłopicki baphelelwe ngamandla waza washiywa ukuba bakhonze umkhosi. Waqonda ukuba iYurophu asiyiyo ngenkxaso esekuhleni zezibonda, yaye oko kwakuthetha ukuba ngokoyiswa ngumvukeli likufuphi. Ukutya iye olukhulu ngakumbi. WePalamente opasiswe isigqeba Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. izixhobo eyakhiwe ziye ilahliwe. Ngoku kuvukela Polish 1830 - iminyaka 1831. Yajika kwimeko apho impi isonjululwe kuphela ngezigalo.

Ibhalansi ye imikhosi

NgoFebruwari 1831, abavukeli bakwazi umnxeba kwi umkhosi malunga-50 amawaka abantu. Eli nani phantse yayifana inani imikhosi wathumela Poland Russia. Kodwa ke, umgangatho iiyunithi amavolontiya asezantsi kakhulu. A nesimo yingxaki ke zokudubula kunye mahashe. Nyanzela i November ukuvukela eSt Petersburg Count wathumela Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Iziganeko embusweni zentsimbi Warsaw engalindelekanga. Ukuze ingqalelo yonke imikhosi unyanisekile amaphondo yasentshona kwikholam efunekayo 2 - iinyanga ezi-3.

Yaba ixesha elibalulekileyo, apho izibonda akazange abe nexesha ukusebenzisa. Józef Chłopicki wawubeka intloko yomkhosi akazange ababulale kuqala, wabathi saa imikhosi yazo kwiindlela zabo ibalulekileyo kule ez kolawulo lwabo. Ngelo xesha Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky lamema amajoni ezintsha. Ngu February yena umpu ke abantu malunga 125 amawaka. Noko ke, wenza iimpazamo esingaxolelekiyo. Bayagxalathelana wambetha ngesibetho izigqibo, ubalo akazange athathe ixesha lokuhlela ukuthuthwa kokutya kunye neembumbulu le iwileyo ekugqibeleni waba nefuthe elibi ebomini bakhe.

Grochowski ukulwa

Amabutho yokuqala Russian wawela umda Polish, Februwari 6, 1831. Iinxalenye bafudukela kumacala ahlukeneyo. Mabutho phantsi umyalelo Kipriana Kreytsa waya kwiphondo Lublin. Umyalelo Russian izicwangciso ukulungiselela zokuphambukisa, apho bekumele ukuba ekugqibeleni ndikuchithachithe imikhosi yotshaba. Le mvukelo kazwelonke-inkululeko yaqala ngokwenene ukuphuhlisa ngokutsho sebali, elula iinjengele asebukhosini. iyantlukwano aliqela Polish waya Serock kunye Pultusk, beqhekeza kude imikhosi eziphambili.

Kodwa ngequbuliso imozulu bangenelela phulo. Nobudlelwane waqalisa, leyo zamthintela umkhosi omkhulu Russian izicwangciso ukuya umzila. Dibich kwafuneka ukuba zenze igophe elibukhali. Februwari 14 amajoni babesilwa Yuzefa Dvernitskogo kunye Jikelele Fedora Geysmara. Izibonda iphumelele. Nokuba wayengenalo ukubaluleka ethile ngobuchule, impumelelo yokuqala buqapheleke ephefumlelweyo ngabavukeli. uphakamo Polish wathatha akunakuqinisekiswa.

Umkhosi iphambili bavukeli kufuphi nedolophu emi Olszynka Grochowska, akhusela iindlela ku Warsaw. Kulapha ngoFebruwari 25 yaye idabi yokuqala bamisa. Izibonda umthetho Radzvill kunye Józef Chłopicki, Russian - Dibich-Zabalkansky, unyaka phambi kokuqalisa phulo waba yalelani entsimini. Le mpi yathatha imini yonke yaye yaphela emva kwexesha kuphela ngokuhlwa. Le lahleko baba malunga i (izibonda amawaka 12 abantu, in Russian 9000) efanayo. Abavukeli kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele Warsaw. Nangona umkhosi Russian iphumelele uloyiso Committe, ilahleko zayo ziye zangaphaya kobesikulindele. Ukongeza, i izixhobo ziye batyhileka, kwaye lift intsha akwenzeki ngenxa kwiindlela olubi nokuphazamiseka yonxibelelwano. Kwezi meko Dibich akazange nabuganga ahlasele eWarsaw.

zigcwalisa izinti

Kuba phantse akayisa kwiinyanga ezimbini ezizayo umkhosi. ukungqubana kwemihla ngemihla kwaqhambuka ekupheleni Warsaw. Umkhosi Russian ngenxa ebugxwayibeni umzimba waqalisa bhubhane sorhudo. Ngelo xesha ilizwe lonke yaba impi. In the main umyalelo efanayo ye-Polish Army Michael Radzvilla wagqithela Jikelele Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. Wagqiba ukuhlasela njengebutho phantsi umyalelo umntakwabo komlawuli uMikhail Pavlovich kunye Jikelele Karl Bistrom, lowo kummandla Ostrołęka.

Ngelo xesha linye webutho 8000th wathunywa ukuba ukuhlangana Dibich. Kwafuneka ukuba ngendaba imikhosi eziphambili Russian. Izibonda zenzeke ngqindilili yaba isimanga yotshaba. UMikhail Pavlovich kunye iBistro nabalindi bakhe lweMedia. Dibich kudala babekholelwa ukuba izibonda wagqiba ukuhlasela, ade ekugqibeleni wafumanisa ukuba abo wayithimba Nur.

Impi e Ostrołęka

May 12 umkhosi omkhulu Russian abashiya ezindlini zabo ukuze yogqithe ngasekhohlo eWarsaw nezibonda. Intshutshiso lwaqhutywa iiveki ezimbini. Ekugqibeleni wabanjwa up kunye ngasemva Polish avant-garde. Ekubeni 26 luqhubeka kwedabi Ostroleka, nto leyo yaba episode ezibalulekileyo phulo. Izibonda kwabelwane Narew. Le mikhosi yokuqala ophezulu Russian uhlaselwe njengebutho phezu kodonga lasekhohlo. Abavukeli baqala baleka ngokungxama. imikhosi Dibicha wawela Narew Ostroleka ngokwayo, emva ekugqibeleni Wahlahla isixeko ngabavukeli. Benza iinzame eziliqela ukuhlasela abahlaseli, kodwa beza imigudu yabo nto. Uphumile ngaphambi zezibonda ngokuphindaphindiweyo bamtyabula ngamava phantsi umyalelo Jikelele Charles Mandershterna.

Xa kuqala isiqingatha sesibini sale mini ukuba bajoyine ukusekelwa Russian ukuba wagqiba isiphumo edabini. Of-30 amawaka izibonda yafa malunga 9000. Phakathi kwabo wababulala aba iinjengele Kamenski kunye Heinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Ziqala zobumnyama wanceda iintsalela abo bavukeli boyiswa ukubaleka emva kwikomkhulu.

Fall of Warsaw

NgoJuni 25, intloko entsha yomkhosi Russian ePoland waba Bala Ivan Paskevich. Xa ilifa lakhe abantu abangama-50 000. E St. Petersburg, yi Count babefuna ukugqibezela ngokoyiswa zezibonda, kwaye ukungabadimazi eWarsaw. Kule bavukeli kweengqukuva abantu malunga 40 amawaka. Uvavanyo lokuqala kakhulu kuba Paskevich waye ekudibaneni Vistula lomlambo. Kwagqitywa onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo amanzi kufutshane nomda Prussia. Ngu Julayi 8 kwibhulorho lwagqitywa. Kulo mzekelo, abo bavukeli abazange ungafaki naziphi na imiqobo phambili Russian, ukubheja lwee- imikhosi yayo e Warsaw.

Kwinyanga ka-Agasti, kwikomkhulu Polish kwakukho omnye obekulindelekile. Eli xesha, endaweni woyiswa Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo waba yintloko omkhulu Heinrich Dembinski. Noko ke, wayeka emva kokuba iindaba lokuba umkhosi Russian wayesele sawela Vistula. E Warsaw, isiphithiphithi, nokungalawuleki. Kubulawa obenziwa iqaqa, efuna ukunika emkhosini onoxanduva ukwenzakala ebulalayo.

August 19 Paskevich weza edolophini. Iiveki ezimbini zaye zabanjwa ukulungiselela ukuhlasela. iiyunithi ngabanye bababamba idolophu ekufutshane ukuze ekugqibeleni zingqonge ingqukuva. Le aphume of Warsaw waqalisa ngoSeptemba 6, xa elihamba Russian wahlasela umnombo iinqaba sakhiwe ukunqanda abahlaseli. Kule mpi abakwa walimala Paskevich oyintloko. Noko ke, uloyiso Russian sekucaca. 7 ka-General Krukovetsky ephuma umkhosi 32000th, naye ukuba asabile entshonalanga. Septemba 8 Paskevich weza Warsaw. Ikomkhulu wathathwa. Ekubulaleni washiya amaqela saa sabavukeli iye yaba yinto ixesha.

iziphumo

I-Polish Ukwakheka lokugqibela yasemkhosini abalekela Prussia. October 21 wanikezela Zamosc, kwaye abavukeli baphulukana inqaba yabo yokugqibela. Nangaphambi koko, waqala umkhankaso omkhulu olulugcalagcala yokushiywa amagosa abaziinjubaqa, amajoni kunye neentsapho zabo. Amawaka iintsapho lahlala eFransi eNgilani. Abantu abaninzi abafana Yan Skrzhinetsky wabalekela Austria. EYurophu, zomzabalazo wenkululeko wesizwe ePoland, inkampani ndibulisa novelwano nemfesane.

Le mvukelo Polish ka-1830 - iminyaka 1831. Oko kukhokelele kwinto yokuba umkhosi Polish kwayekwa. Abasemagunyeni baqhube iphulo kubuyiselo yolawulo ebukumkanini. KwiPhondo ziye indawo ebaleni. Kwakhona ePoland kwakukho jikelele kunye nezinye inkqubo Russian zemilinganiselo amanyathelo, ngokunjalo imali efanayo. Ngaphambi koko, ilungelo-bank Ukraine wayephantsi kweempembelelo inkcubeko kunye neyenkolo kummelwane wayo yasentshona kakhulu. Ke kaloku, eSt Petersburg siye sagqiba wavala Greek-Catholic Church. "Engeyiyo" mabandla Ukrainian uyabanda ezivaliweyo okanye babe Orthodox.

Kuba abahlali States, uNicholas I chatha kuhambelana ngakumbi umfanekiso uzwilakhe kunye despot. Nangona kungekho likarhulumente hayi uxolo ngokusesikweni ngenxa bavukeli, kukho intlokoma iziganeko Polish iminyaka emininzi yasasazwa the World Endala. bafudukele ababalekela benza kakhulu izimvo zoluntu malunga ne-Russia wavumela amazwe aseYurophu ukuqalisa ukuhlanganiswa i iCrimea Imfazwe Nicholas.