Oleg imatshi on eConstantinople: inkcazelo, imbali kunye neziphumo

iminyaka 907 kwimbali Russia ephawulwe komjikelo edume kwi eConstantinople (okanye njengoko kubhaliwe ebizwa - eConstantinople), phila iTshawe Novgorod, Oleg. Esi siganeko esidityaniswe ezininzi zentelekelelo nentandabuzo ngakwicala mbali, uninzi lwabo akakholelwa nobunyaniso eziliqela izizathu. Kweli nqaku ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha malunga iphulo Oleg eConstantinople (isishwankathelo), kwaye uzame ukuqonda ukuba esi siganeko kwenzeke njengoko iyazigatya yemihla yamandulo.

Ngubani na Prince Oleg?

Oleg waba inkosana Novgorod kunye Grand Prince of Kiev, eqala 882 no 912, owawungunyaka wokufa kwakhe. Emva kokuba wafumana igunya phezu kwelizwe Novgorod (eyabakho emva kokufa Rurik) njenge ibamba mthetho ongumntwana Igor, yena yathinjwa Kiev yamandulo. Kwaba kulo mzi ngelo xesha wayeza kuba dolophu kunye uphawu le manyano kwamaziko ezimbini ezinkulu ukuba nokuxubana. Kungenxa yoko le nto Prince Oleg rhoqo mbali sicinga ngunozala karhulumente Old Russian. Iphulo elandelayo Oleg eConstantinople yaba isizathu kuba ngokuba "Amazwi".

Kutheni igama Oleg Lesiprofeto?

Uyasixelela, "The Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", iphulo Oleg yabamba ngo-907. Xa zemihla ngemihla mbuzo njengoko sixhokonxe wawuthimba umzi, bedumisa nesibindi Ingqondo Prince, ngubani wamoyisa amaByzantine. Ngokutsho umthombo, akazange avume ukuthatha ukutya tyhefu kuzo, nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba wabizwa ngokuba "Amazwi". Abantu e Russia kanye oko kubizwa ngokuba Oleg, ngubani ophumelele phezu namaGrike. Ngenxa yoko, igama layo livela eScandinavia, yaye xa iguqulelwe lithetha "Ongcwele."

Ukwenyusa Veschego Olega eConstantinople

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, umxholo weli phulo imfazwe Russian-aseByzantium ochazwe kwi-PVL (Chronicle). Ezi ziganeko ekumiseni kwi isivumelwano soxolo esayinwe 907. Xa abantu, ukuba iye Bulelani edumileyo la mazwi: "Lesiprofeto Oleg ebethelelwe ikhaka yakhe emasangweni kaConstantinople." Kodwa ke, nangona kunjalo, eli phulo engakhankanywanga ngemithombo ngesiGrike, ngokunjalo, ngokubanzi, malunga ayithi naphi ngaphandle kwilivo Russian kunye yeziKronike.

Ukongeza, sele 911 rusichi basayine uxwebhu olutsha. Ngaphezu koko, ukuchana kokugqitywa kwesi sivumelwano, akukho namnye ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo le mbali.

Byzantium and Rus

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba emva iphulo Russes eConstantinople kunyaka 860 kule nto imithombo Byzantine bucaciswe malunga nemilo nabo. Noko ke, kukho ubungqina nangokungangqalanga koko. Ngokomzekelo, ekuqaleni X ngenkulungwane sele wayalela * uKhesare Leo IV iqulethe ulwazi elwayo "AmaSkitiya esemantla" wasebenzisa iinqanawa ezincinane, usiya ngesantya ukuzila.

Oleg ngeenyawo phezu "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka"

Njengoko legend uthi Oleg enyuswe, eConstantinople wabanjwa nje kuphela kubandakanyeko nokuxubana, kodwa izizwe Finno-Ugric, ezidweliswe kwi ezikhumbuzo yamandulo Russian yokubhala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-12 - "The Tale of adlulileyo Years". Ukuba uyakholwa yemihla, amanye amajoni bafudukela zikhwele emahasheni ecaleni konxweme, kunye nezinye - ulwandle ngoncedo amawaka amabini iinqanawa. Kwaye esityeni ngamnye yafakwa abantu ngaphezu mathathu. Ababhali-mbali nangoku ziyahluka ukuba bakholwe "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", nokuba idatha kwi phulo ekhankanywe yemihla, lokwenene.

Legends umkhankaso apha

The Legend of phulo Prince Oleg nxamnye eConstantinople iqulethe inani elikhulu amavo. Umzekelo, ibali ibonisa ukuba isithuthi ihamba ngamavili, apho begwetyelwa Oleg. AmaByzantine oyika indlela yabo eConstantinople wacela Russ ihlabathi. Noko ke, athwala ukutya anetyhefu, ukusuka apho Prince wala. Ke amaGrike akukho ndlela yimbi, indlela ukunika imvume abo kuloo wacela Oleg. Ngokutsho legend, kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule ngeepeni 12 onke amajoni, kwakunye isixa olwahlukileyo abathetheli e Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Rostov kunye nezinye izixeko ngaphandle Novgorod. Kodwa lo loyiso nga ekupheleni Prince. Ukongezelela iintlawulo ngexesha elinye-, amaGrike of Byzantium kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule Ruses unikelo rhoqo, kwakunye bavumelane kokugqitywa mvumelwano (ukuba ngumbuzo le isivumelwano esatyikitywa 907), leyo kuthiwa ukulawula iimeko lokuhlala, ngokunjalo ukwenza ushishino abarhwebi Russian kwizixeko zamaGrike. Amaqela bazisa izibhambathiso efanayo. Kwaye Oleg, ke, ukuba wenza isenzo idumileyo owamenza cishe, ngokutsho legend, emehlweni abantu abaqhelekileyo. Abezixhoma kuwe iingweletshetshe kumasango eConstantinople, ikomkhulu Byzantium njengomfuziselo lobungangamsha. AmaGrike anikwa imiyalelo - ukuthunga iseyile ukuze imikhosi Slavic. Kronike bathi emva kokuba phulo yagqitywa Oleg eConstantinople ngowe-907, inkosana abantu yaziwa ngokuba "zesiprofeto."

Noko ke, ukuba amabali yamandulo Rus umkhumbuzi malunga angenela eConstantinople ngowe-860, kususela kuphela kwiziphumo ze yemihla yaseByzantium, ibali eli ahlasele isekelwe ingcaciso ayifumene amavo angakhange zibhaliwe. Kwaye izifundo ezimbalwa lingqamane uNomsa lo sagas aseScandinavia.

ikhontrakthi 907

Yintoni le ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano, yaye ngaba oko? Ukuba uyakholwa i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", emva kokuphumelela izenzo Prince Oleg eConstantinople utyikitywe amaGrike inzuzo kakhulu ukuba uxwebhu Russia. Injongo bemiqathango yawo engundoqo zithathwa kut- uxolo nobudlelwane obuhle olungileyo phakathi kwezizwe kunye namazwe. igunya yaseByzantium athatha ukuhlawula Ruses isixa esithile irhafu yonyaka (kwaye ubukhulu bayo kuyinto okuqinileyo), kwakunye ahlawule ngexesha elinye-intlawulo indemnity - kokubini imali yaye izinto, igolide, amalaphu ezinqabileyo, njl Le mvumelwano sicacisa ikhankanywe apha ngentla .. intlawulelo nobukhulu ijoni ngalinye, kwaye ubungakanani yesibonelelo ngenyanga, apho amaGrike kwafuneka ukunika abarhwebi Russian.

Ulwazi malunga iphulo Oleg evela kweminye imithombo

Ngokutsho ulwazi lwe Novgorod Yokuqala Chronicle kuthotho lweziganeko ziye zenzeka ngenye indlela. Kweli phulo nxamnye eConstantinople ezenziwa phantsi kobunkokheli Prince Igor kunye 'Lesiprofeto' kulo mzekelo - kuphela irhuluneli. Chronicle uchaza amaphulo edume Oleg nxamnye eConstantinople. Unyaka xa oku kuchaziwe njenge-920, yaye Ukuhlaziya lo mcimbi elilandelayo ayihlasela inxulumene kunyaka 922. Noko ke, inkcazelo phulo 920 iinkcukacha ezifana inkcazelo iphulo Igor ngayo kwiminyaka 941, nto leyo kubonakala amaxwebhu eziliqela.

Ulwazi oluqulethwe kwi yemihla Byzantine ezibhalwe NONE-bakaSimon ngenkulungwane ye-10 emva kwexesha, iqulathe ulwazi malunga amaqanaba. Kwenye amaqhekeza le mbali ukubona iinkcukacha obonisa uqikelelo malunga nekamva ukufa iZiyon Oleg kaThixo, yaye umntu Rosa - isikhulu. Phakathi ngeembalo zezenzululwazi kunye ithandwayo unoluvo oluvakaliswe V. Nikolayev kwi nokuhamba Rosov amaGrike azenzileyo malunga 904 neminyaka. Ukuba uyakholwa ekwakhiweni kwayo (ekube yokuthetha yemihla NONE-bakaSimon), umbethe yisiwe Trikefala kwiinkulu yaseByzantium Ioanna Radina. Kwaye nje ezimbalwa wakwazi ukubaleka baphume iingalo Greek ukusuka iimbono zabo Prince.

A. Kuzmin kwi ukufunda isicatshulwa umlando "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" malunga imisebenzi Oleg uye wacebisa ukuba umbhali ngayo izicatshulwa ngokwendlela le mithombo Bulgarian okanye isiGrike malunga kuphangwa ikhokelwa yi umthetheli abazisebenzisa. umkhumbuzi Greek acatshulwe ibinzana: "Oku Oleg kodwa Saint UDemetrios, uThixo wathumela kuthi." La mazwi abonisa, ngokutsho umphandi, ngexesha iziganeko kunyaka 904 - amaByzantine akazange banceda baseTesalonika. A umxhasi yesixeko kwakujongwa ophangiweyo Dimitriy Solunsky. Ngenxa yoko, inani elikhulu Iwabemi Thessaloniki cut, yaye ezinye kuphela kubo bakwazi akuyomfuneko ukusuka kubaphangi Arab. Kulo mongo, igama obscure lesiGrike kaDemetriyo kungaba uphawu lwe kwendawo baseConstantinople engcwele, nto leyo ezingathanga ngqo bayahlelwa le labemi.

Njengoko ababhali-mbali ukutolika ulwazi indaba?

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iinkcukacha malunga kugqogqa ifumaneka kuphela yeziKronike Russian, yaye imibhalo aseByzantium ngalo mba Khange ukhankanye.

Nangona kunjalo, xa sijonga okubhaliweyo amaqhekeza zamaxwebhu zibhekisela "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", singatsho ukuba yonke ingcaciso efanayo malunga neminyaka iphulo 907 azikho etsomo ngokupheleleyo. Ukunqongophala data kwi imithombo ngesiGrike, abanye abaphandi bachaza umhla apho imfazwe kwi "Tale of adlulileyo Years" engalunganga. Kukho inani seenzame ubuhlobo bayo iphulo Russes (dromitov) iminyaka 904 ubudala, ngoxa amaGrike alwa kumkhosi Pirates, elikhokelwa Lev Tripoliysky. A imfundiso leyo khulu inyaniso, nombhali Boris Rybakov kunye Lva Gumileva. Ngokutsho hypothesis zabo, ulwazi malunga ayihlasela kwiminyaka 907 kuyimfuneko ukubhekisela kwiziganeko kunyaka 860. Le imfazwe nolwazi malunga nomkhankaso asiphumelelanga eyayikhokelwa Askold kunye Dir, leyo waphefumlelwa amavo lo uyazikhupha enkulu yabantu lamaKristu zezizwe yobuhedeni.

umkhankaso dating

Ngokufanayo, akwaziwa ukuba xa kwenziwa iphulo Prince Oleg eConstantinople. Nyaka, nto leyo equka isiganeko (907), lunemiqathango, babonakala emva chroniclers wenza izibalo zabo. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwebali ibhodi Duke akabanga umhla ngqo, ngenxa apho idatha yakutshanje ziye zohlulwa ngezigaba, leyo libhekisela kwixesha lokuqala nelokugqibela anamnye wobukumkani bakhe.

Ukongeza, i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ube neenkcukacha rhandzana isizalwane kwamarhata. Linemali ulwazi kwaxelwayo zo (ukufa amanene) waba enyanisweni kwiminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba kwenziwe uhambo eConstantinople. Ukuba Oleg wafa kwisithuba seminyaka 912 (njengoko idatha imibingelelo imisebenzi Tatishchev, izinto ezo ezenzeka ngexesha imbonakalo Halley - le nonomgca edume), umbhali kuye ubalwe yonke into elungileyo.

Meaning Oleg behla ukuya Tsargrad

Ukuba okunene kwakukho iphulo, oko kuthathwa njenge isiganeko ebalulekileyo. Olu xwebhu, esatyikitywa ngenxa yephulo, ukuba ithathwe ukuchaza ulwalamano yamaGrike kunye Rus nexesha kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo. iziganeko elandelayo zembali, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, ziye ezinxulumene ne kuphangwa, apho kwenziwa yi-Prince Oleg, kungakhathaliseki ukuba mihla echanekileyo.