Okukhe: isishwankathelo.

Kumanqanaba okuqala yophuhliso kwithiyori iinkqubo colloidal, kwakucingwa ukuba iipropati emolekyuli kwikinetiki unique kwizisombululo okwenyaniso. izifundo zexesha elide yabonisa ukuba le mihlaba semvelo kunye nezisombululo colloidal. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba phakathi kwabo akukho mahluko ezisemgangathweni, yaye kukho kuphela ubuninzi, leyo zixhomekeke kakhulu kubukhulu kunye nokumila amasuntswana colloid (micelles). Ngoko ke, ukuvulwa okukhe kule ndlela kwaba ko kubalulekileyo kakhulu.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala (ngo-1827), okukhe wahlolwa i yezityalo IsiNgesi Robert Brown. Ukuqwalasela i ultramicroscope izityalo umungu, liyanqunyanyiswa nethontsi lamanzi, ISAZINZULU kwafunyaniswa ukuba amasuntswana ezincinane nomungu okudodobalisa (randomly) kunye ngokuqhubekayo ashukunyiswe. okukhe kwenziwa - isiphakamiso ngokunxaxha, umbhodamo okanye amajikojiko of microparticles. izifundo ezininzi ziye zasekwa ukuba yintshukumo ejikelezayo neemolekyuli kubangelwa ubukhulu bamagaqa, iqondo lobushushu kunye viscosity kwiintsali esiphakathi. Kulo mzekelo, uhlobo lwento iye phantse akukho alunasiphumo kwi intshukumo yabo.

okukhe kunye nethiyori mihla ezinto-kinetic olwelo

Frankel wacebisa ukuba ukubana elinye molecule ngokutsha ekufutshane, ngalinye okwakha luthathe indawo yayo yantlandlolo, leyo yeyona nenzuzo kakhulu ngokunxulumene ne-eneji.

Ngenxa yoko, intshukumo elirhabaxa kunye ngokuqhubekayo kwenkqubo self-Kunikwa iimolekyuli kwenzeka. Ixutywe microparticles ulwelo (isigaba ukuchithachitheka) enze intshukumo malunga kuyafana imolekyuli kuphela (kwiintsali medium). Ngenxa isindululo eqhubekayo umbhodamo zihamba ngononophelo kwaye musa ahlale kuyo nayiphi na indawo.

okukhe kwenziwa ngayo amasuntswana kunye zokumiswa colloidal kwenzeka ngenxa isiphakamiso thermal medium ezingqonge amasuntswana kunye ibetha zabo ingalawuleki le mpilo. Ngenxa yoko kuhlaselwa ezinjalo microparticles ngokungakhethiyo lihamba emajukujukwini (nezisasaza medium). Ezi ntshukumo ziziphumo amanyathelo kukothuka ixesha elithile yophononongo (omnye molecule ethile yesibini bangenele ukuya ku-1020 kwamalungu omzimba). Ngenxa yokuba ubukhulu encinane kwemolekyuli mali ezahlukeneyo ayekelele kwiikona ezahlukeneyo, ahamba kumacala ahlukeneyo. Xa ububanzi of micrometres emihlanu microparticles okukhe Oku anayenza. Ukwandisa ubukhulu kunye nobunzima ngemolekyula ngenxa yokothuka babo ngokubamba. Ngoko ke, amasuntswana ezinobunzima eliphezulu eziphilayo (ukuya micrometers ezintlanu) enze lokungcangcazela ejikelezayo kuphela.

okukhe kunye kwe-

Ngenxa yoko le okukhe kunye thermal neemolekyuli kwenzeka ulungelelwaniso ingqalelo kuyo umthamo isisombululo. Nokuhanjiswa nga kuqhubeka izisombululo colloidal nangobunyani.

Uxinzelelo osmotic kubangwa bubukho micelles. Ngenxa yobukhulu enkulu zomoya kunye noxinzelelo bakhuliswa kungomlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu. Kakade ke, uxinzelelo kwinxalenye yesisombululo analyte colloidal ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeka ubukho nezingcoliso electrolytes ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, izisombululo macromolecular - polysaccharides, irabha, iiproteins - ngo-10-12 epesenti xi ube uxinzelelo olukhulu osmotic. Ngenxa izixhobo ezizodwa (osmometry) wayezimisele uxinzelelo osmotic plasma yegazi, ophezu avareji malunga ne-25 mm HG. Oku kubonakaliswa, ukuba xi umlinganiselo ngqo yoxinaniso kwezinto iqhawulwa izisombululo colloidal okanye yinyaniso.