Yintoni eyahlukileyo ukusuka gymnosperms angiosperms? Umahluko omkhulu

Gymnosperms (Latin Gymnospérmae.) Yaye angiosperms, okanye izityalo eneentyatyambo (Magnoliophyta lat.) - ezi maqela mabini ezahlukeneyo zobukumkani yezityalo (Subkingdom izityalo ephakamileyo), ukubonakala ngokulandelelana ekudalweni nasekusungulweni yendalo. Zidlala indima ebalulekileyo empilo umhlaba, ukwenza inshorensi yayo eluhlaza.

Amanye amalungu ala maqela ngoku extinct ngokupheleleyo kunye needipozithi eziphili ke isigaba. Ke kaloku on Earth kukho holographic, kunye angiosperms. Kukho umahluko angundoqo ziimpawu maqela mabini.

imvelaphi

Imvelaphi kunye nobudala - yengundoqo, eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka gymnosperms angiosperms. Gymnosperms - iqela mandulo kakhulu eziphilayo zezityalo. Zikhona ehlabathini kunye nexesha Devonian (era Paleozoic), koko imalunga 370 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kukholelwa ukuba kwinzala yefeni imbewu (Latin Pteridospermae.) - ngokupheleleyo izityalo extinct yaye kushicilelwa amaninzi athe afunyanwa rhoqo kwi neetyuwa ze-Devonian emva kwexesha kwaye Cretaceous Early.

izityalo kweentyatyambo, okanye angiosperms kwabonakala kwiminyaka million 120-150 eyadlulayo, xa kumda സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe kunye Cretaceous (Mesozoic Era) kwaye ngokukhawuleza wazuza indawo ezibalaseleyo kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Kukholelwa ukuba ookhokho babo aba gymnosperms yamandulo.

Ukwahluka kweentlobo neefom ubomi

Gymnosperms zibalelwa malunga nama-1000 iintlobo ezikhoyo ngoku kwindalo. Amanye amalungu eli qela zibhangile ngokupheleleyo, yaye ngokufuthi yafunyanwa paleontologists kwifomu ezimbiwa. ifomu yokuphila - imithi, ndimkhathalela kunye namatyholo, neediliya redkovstrechaemye. gymnosperms iSebe zimelwe kwiiklasi ezininzi:

1. Sagovnikovye: zibhetyebhetye cycad, waseStanger ezinoboya, Boven et al.
2. Bennettitales Williamson nilsoniopteris (class extinct ngokupheleleyo).
3. Gnetalians: horsetail Ephedra, mirabilis velivichiya.
4. Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba.
5. Conifers: nespruce, umsipres nompleyini, konwele, nomsedare, kunye nabanye.

Ngokubonakalayo ukwahluka ngaphezulu - lo nto eyenza angiosperms ezivela gymnosperms. Angiosperms, kukho iintlobo malunga 300 lamawaka -. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha zonke izityalo planethi. Zikhona ngohlobo imithi, amatyholo, iintlobo zengca ezikhula ngonyaka, imidiliya. yokwahlukanisa yabo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezintsonkothileyo, ezizezi:

• Class Monocots:

Families:

Iinkozo: rye, i-oats, ingqolowa, kunye nabanye.

Liliaceae: njengenyibiba, eTulip, igalikhi, amatswele, njl

• Dicotyledons Class:

Families:

Solanaceae: iitapile, icuba, solanum, Datura, Hyoscyamus et al.

Kanti elithi: zikajongilanga, mugwort, edandelion, iYerusalem artichoke, njl ..

Imidumba: zesoya, iiertyisi, ertyisi, iimbotyi kunye nabanye.

Cruciferous: ikhaphetshu, isithombo, isithombo, umnqathe, njl

Rosaceae: wavuka, wabuya wavuka, rowan, Cherry et al.

zokuzala

Umahluko ophambili phakathi angiosperms kunye gymnosperms - iziko ukuzala ngokwesondo. Iqela lokuqala nentyantyambo kwi isizalo leyo yenze iimbewu (iziqhamo) emva kokukhulelwa. Luquka ezi stamens - i amalungu obudoda, pistil - i-organ obufazi (kuya ukuphuhlisa isiqhamo), kunye isithinzi Corolla, le isitya kunye peduncle. Flower bahluka imilo, umbala kunye nombala ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesityalo.

Xa gymnosperms lo msebenzi wenziwa kusinde modified - iqhuma ukuba ibe yinkunzi nokuba yimazi, nto leyo kugwetywa lula ngokobukhulu bayo. Kuyinto esikalini Umselu zayo ukuphuhlisa, yaye kamva kwasekwa imbewu.

kokukhulelwa

Inkqubo ifakwe - ngundoqo, ayahluka gymnosperms angiosperms. Xa gymnosperms ilula. Izingxobo pollen nokwanda ngcembe beenkozo pollen, ezo ke idluliselwe gametophyte ababhinqileyo. Enye isidoda (gamete oyindoda) impregnates kuphela yeqanda, apho imbewu. Le nqubo wabe kwi megasporangia okanye Umselu.

Xa kweentyatyambo kwenzeka ngokwahlukileyo. Apha kukho kwezichumiso kabini koko angiosperms zahluka gymnosperms. Ngokufutshane, le nkqubo iye yachazwa yi Russian zizazinzulu SG Navashin ngo-1898. Apho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-ngaphakathi beenkozo pollen intshula yamaqanda amadlozi ezimbini fertilizes enye iqanda apho imbewu ukuba intshule, okwesibini - yeseli Central, isishiya endosperm - ubonelelo kwezondlo olungekazalwa.

Education Palsy

Emva kokukhulelwa, izityalo eneentyatyambo zenze iziqhamo - yintoni angiosperms ezahlukileyo gymnosperms. iziqhamo ukubunjwa imbewu lwenzeka ngaphakathi eludongeni isizalo iguqulwe kancinane. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abahlele yayo inxaxheba perianth, stamens kunye uluthi, konke oko kuxhomekeke kudidi lwesityalo. Ngeli xesha, ukuhanjiswa izimbiwa kunye izinto zemvelo kwisityalo kukhohliswa isiqhamo ukuba deplete kwezinye iithishu. Iziqhamo, kwakunye nokwakhiwa iintlobo angiosperms, waphawulwa ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Gymnosperms angiosperms kwahluka yokunqongophala iziqhamo. imbewu zawo ibekwe ekuhleni kwi cone flake kunye nto reserved. Noko ke, kufuneka naphaya ezizodwa avumela kuka imigama emide.

ukwanda

Indlela imbewu andise - imeko ezibalulekileyo zahlukile gymnosperms angiosperms. Iqela lokuqala le kuphela kwendlela - ngoncedo ngumoya. Ngoko ke, imbewu banikwe waso, waso kunye nesakhiwo iphiko-ezimile membranous. Movement komoya ekwaziyo ukusasaza imbewu amade kunokuba ibonelelwa ukwandiswa kwendawo sesityalo.

Ngeendlela angiosperms yokusasaza imbewu zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Oku kwenzeka ngoncedo umoya, izinambuzane, neentaka, ezanyisayo, kunye nabantu. Ezinye Imbewu ndisawula kunye neziqu ezinokuthi ukunamathela iimpahla okanye isilwanyana uboya kwaye ngoko ukuba bahambe imigama emide. iziqhamo abaninzi ido- amanzi amnandi, ezityiwayo abantu kunye nezilwanyana, kwakhona eqinisekisa unikezelo lembewu.

Ubume emzimbeni yokuqhuba

Icebo yenkqubo Uhanjiso - into eyahlukileyo ukusuka gymnosperms angiosperms. Xa izityalo abadala ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunye mzimba ancedisana ayikho kakhulu. Uhamba lulwelo kancini tracheids - iityhubhu ezibuhlazarha ngeendonga lalingqingqwa kwaye ushiye enemithi tubing. Yokuba bayinxalenye xylem, yaye zibonelela ngemeko-flow fluid phezulu - ezingcanjini ukuya amagqabi. Tracheids zibonakala ngokucacileyo xa kuqwalaselwa phantsi ngemicroscope.

inkqubo Uhanjiso le angiosperms ugqibelele ngakumbi. Ezi zityalo zaguqulwa ezityeni tracheids. Le elide kakhulu (eminye imidiliya bafikelele amashumi meters), apho oluphuma ulwelo kwemali kunye nezondlo. Olu phawu negalelo ekwakheni ikhondo esebenzayo ngakumbi iinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo komzimba kwisityalo: ukuyilwa yiklorofili, photosynthesis, nokuphefumla.

iingenelo kwemvelo

Gymnosperms zikhona on Earth elide kakhulu angiosperms. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, baye nakwabangapasanga iyantlukwano kweentlobo kunye neefom engqalene izityalo kweentyatyambo abaselula. Yintoni angiosperms umahluko ukusuka gymnosperms? Ziziphi iingenelo bakuvumele ukuba athathe isikhundla ebhudla ehlabathini nasemifunweni planethi? Kukho amaxesha aye ukundibumba, ezizezi:

• imbonakalo intyatyambo nomtsalane izinambuzane, izityalo bavumelekile ukuba ukwandisa amathuba uvuvuzelo;
• ukuhlakanipha ezahlukeneyo ongazikhetha;
• Ovule yamaqanda likhusela ngokuchaseneyo umonakalo;
• kokukhulelwa kabini kwenza umbungu imbewu ukufumana ukutya okwaneleyo kuphuhliso lwabo;
• iziqhamo limnandi inika ukhuseleko ibekwe ngaphakathi imbewu;
• iindlela ukwandisa nokwabiwa imbewu;
• zezinto eziphilayo (imithi, ingca, amatyholo) ikuvumela ukuba ukuzalisa yayigcinwa ezinkulu eziphilayo;
• olujikeleza luyomelezwa iimpahla olwenza iinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo komzimba ezinezityalo ephilayo.

Umahluko omkhulu. isishwankathelo esifutshane

Ngoko ke, yintoni eyahlukileyo ukusuka gymnosperms angiosperms? Chaza umahluko ophambili zawo omabini la maqela ziboniswe phaya kuLudwe.

Kwavela ngendlela kwindaleko, izixhobo, ezifana ukhuselo imbewu, kwezichumiso kabini, uvuvuzelo zizinambuzane, kwakunye nenkqubo Uhanjiso phambili ngakumbi angiosperms ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo lawula ehlabathini apha izihluma ehlabathini.