Okokuqala wabonakala kule luvo le silwanyana?

Inkqubo ehlise a esiphilayo bubonakaliswe ubuxhakaxhaka bezonxibelelwano, ngokubonelela uqhagamshelo balo ihlabathi ngaphandle kunye neenkqubo zabo. element zalo ezisisiseko yinto neuron - Iseli kunye waso (axons kunye luvo), nto leyo adlulisele kuye ulwazi zombane kunye imichiza.

Injongo zommiselo luvo

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala luvo wavela eziphilayo kunye nesidingo intsebenziswano engcono kunye nokusingqongileyo. Uphuhliso kumsebenzi womnatha elula pulses ukudlulisela kuyanceda ukufumana imiyalezo kuphela ngaphandle. Ngenxa yakhe, kwaba lula ukuba aququzelele iinkqubo ubomi babo ngenxa ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo ngakumbi.

Ngexesha Ukudaleka ubume luvo intsonkothile: umsebenzi wayo nje kuphela ukuyilwa lokusabela ngokwaneleyo zizinto zangaphandle, kodwa lo mbutho ukuziphatha kwabo. I. P. Pavlov wabiza le ndlela nokusebenza umsebenzi eliphezulu luvalo.

Ukudibana ne-bume enye-iseli

Okokuqala wabonakala kule luvo lwe eziphilayo ezinama iseli ngaphezu kwesinye, kuba ibonisa iimpawu phakathi iiseli zemithambo-luvo, bakha womnatha. Kodwa kule enokwenzeka elula ukuba baqaphele ubuchule ukuphendula yokukhuthaza zangaphandle ezinikezelwa ngeenkqubo intracellular.

inkqubo Multicellular luvo yahlukile ngokomgangatho ukusuka ukuba imfundo le phawu. Inkqubo epheleleyo uxhulumaniso yokugqibela phakathi kwiseli ukutya enye. Malunga ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle, ciliate "ufunda" ngenxa yotshintsho ekubhalweni protoplasm kunye umsebenzi kwezinye izakhiwo. abantu Multicellular ube nenkqubo eyakhiwe leeyunithi ezisebenzayo, iyileyo inkululeko kunye neenkqubo zayo metabolic.

Ngoko, ixesha lokuqala ukuba luvo na ongenako, kodwa iiseli ezininzi, oko kukuthi, eziphilayo multi-cellular. Kwase kwakhona isebenza inkxaso ukuba lenyama. On output kumgangatho ibhaqwe protoplasm izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ukuba pulses conductivity. Ngokufanayo, xa izinto eziphilileyo eziququzelelwe kakhulu kakhulu ukwenza lo msebenzi ngamnye iiseli zemithambo-luvo.

Ingakumbi coelenterates luvo

izilwanyana Multicellular abahlala kumathanga, musa ukwabelana nabanye imisebenzi nganye, kwaye ke kufuneka womnatha kodwa zemithambo. Oku kwenzeka kwindawo xa ezohlula imisebenzi ahlukeneyo emzimbeni a multicellular.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala luvo livela hydra kunye nezinye coelenterates. It is a uthungelwano kokuqhuba Imiqondiso untargeted. Isakhiwo lo ngokusesikweni, oko diffusely kulo lonke coelenterates umzimba. Iiseli ganglion kunye nemfuyo yabo nisslevskaya akukho ukusekwa ngokupheleleyo. Olu luguqulelo elula luvo.

motility uhlobo bempahla bubonwa luvo reticular kwentamo. Hydra yenza intshukumo peristaltic njengoko ingenawo iindawo ezithile lomzimba olusa phambili kunye nezinye iintshukumo. Kuba umsebenzi motor kufuneka liqhawuke izinto contractile yonxibelelwano, oko kufuneka ukuba isambuku yeseli conductive iye ibekwe iinxalenye contractile. Ingaba nayiphi na izilwanyana okokuqala inkqubo luvo ivela njenge inethiwekhi ehlasela? Abo wabaseki kwenkqubo yabantu yommiselo. Oku kungqinwa yinto yokuba kuphuhliso osandul izilwanyana gastrulation langoku.

Ingakumbi luvo lwe helminths

ukuphuculwa elandelayo zommiselo luvo iye ezinxulumene kunye nophuhliso yolingano mazwe endaweni iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano kunye ukuyilwa izihloko luvo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba.

Ngokohlobo bands okokuqala luvo ubonakala 1 flatworms. Kwesi sigaba, limelwe nesithandwa sakhe entloko ezalathelwe luvo kunye nokunabisa kubo kwasekwa ngefayibha. Xa kuthelekiswa la coelenterates, inkqubo enjalo sinzima ngaphezu. In helminths bafumana amaqela kweeseli zemithambo ngohlobo kweeyunithi kunye ganglia. umatshini ubuchopho - ganglia kwi inxalenye sobuKristu lomzimba eyenza imisebenzi yolawulo. Wabiza ganglion lobuchopho. Kuyo umzimba uphela ecaleni buti luvo ezimbini, eziqhagamshelene kwo.

Onke amacandelo e-nkqubo ungekho kulizwe ngaphandle kwaye antywiliselwa kwi parenchyma yaye ngaloo ndlela kumkhusela ekonzakalisweni. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala luvo livela flatworms onezivamvo nezakhiwo: touch, emehlweni kunye ingqondo kuvuselele.

Ingakumbi luvo lwe nematode

Inqanaba elilandelayo uphuhliso ukuyilwa ukuma ring ejikeleza emqaleni kunye nokunabisa siso kwimicu ngaphezulu elide. Ezineempawu ezifana okokuqala luvo ivela ziintshulube. ring Peripharyngeal i ganglion enye setyhula kwaye yenza imisebenzi umbono yomzimba isiseko. Ezinxulumene nayo le ventral kanye amaphiko nemithambo nentambo.

komboko kuhlangana nematodes akhiwe nesele sisaziwa, okt nasentshonalanga epidermal. Xa indima izivamvo ke sensilla - namanwele papillae amalungu lokuxabangela, kunye amphids phasmids. Bonke afakwa ubuntununtunu mixed.

Amalungu kakhulu entsonkothileyo nematodes umbono - amphids. Bona bafundelane ngezibini, inokuba nomahluko kwimilo kwaye zibekwe phambili. msebenzi zazo eziphambili - ukuchonga arhente zeekhemikhali, ibekwe kude umzimba. Kwezinye ziintshulube nabo ezenza ziyifumanisa kwiimpembelelo mechanical ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Zibizwa ngokuba metanemami.

Ingakumbi luvo lwe annelids

ganglion uluhlu luvo kamva ikhula annelids. Abaninzi kubo ganglionizatsiya iziqu esiswini kwenzeka ukuze kwilungu ngalinye ntshulube umntu iperi ganglia adibanayo imicu nengxenye ezikufutshane. Annelids babe luvo intambo ventral, ganglion ebuchotsheni ibunjiwe iperi imisonto esukela kuyo. Bona ndasolula phezu esiswini. izinto Ukuzibona ezicwangciswe ngaphambili thaca ngeliso lenyama, iiseli ukuqgiba, kunye Elinye Labaniki ndawo ciliary fossae. Nge iindawo abangamawele okokuqala luvo wavela annelids, kodwa kamva waba ngo arthropods. Baye ukwanda ganglia kwi intloko kunye indibanisela iindawo emzimbeni.

Elements of a womnatha ehlasela kwinkqubo luvo abantu

Eluchochoyini kwemvelo e-nervous system ke imbonakalo ingqondo kunye umnqonqo ebantwini. Kodwa, nkqu nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo walondoloza umbutho ehlasela yokuqala. Le inethiwekhi ngokusisulu zonke iseli lomzimba: eluswini, imithambo yegazi, njl Kodwa ezi mpawu ukuze okokuqala kwinkqubo luvo livela, ngubani akuzange kufuneke ithuba umahluko ukuqonda kokusingqongileyo ...

Ngenxa kwezi yunithi "eyintsalela" noshowo umntu unethuba bazive imiphumo nkqu kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezincinane. Le ntsholongwane ziyakwazi ukuphendula yimbonakalo isizukulwana arhente zangaphandle umzuzu zeempendulo zokuzikhusela. Ubukho uthungelwano ehlasela kwinkqubo luvo ngabantu ingqinwa izifundo laboratory, ngokusekelwe ukuqaliswa colorant.

Umrhiba wokucinga gabalala ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo nervous ngexesha zazivelela

Iinkqubo kwemvelo e-nervous system ngezigaba ezithathu:

• inethiwekhi kwentamo;
• gangilii;
• ingqondo kunye umnqonqo.

Ubume kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo luvo yahluke gqitha iintlobo ngaphambili. isebe lakhe ganglion onovelwano thaca kunye nezinto reticular. Kuphuhliso yakhe phylogenetic e-nervous system uba ruggedness ngakumbi nangakumbi nokuzahlula. Isigaba Ganglionic yophuhliso lwe-luvo reticular luphawulwa ebusweni, kodwa ibekwe kwi nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo le.

Nawuphi eziphilayo - lanje litye lesikhumbuzo eyakhiwa amalungu neenkqubo rhoqo kwaye gqolo kusabela phakathi kwabo kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala luvo wavela coelenterates, kwaba womnatha ehlasela enika Uhanjiso aphantsi neemvakalelo.