Yintoni isamente nangendlela endinokuwucima ugxininiso kweli lizwi?

Namhlanje kunzima ukuthelekelela kwishishini lokwakha, nto leyo akudingeki isamente. Oku kusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke izigaba zokwakha kunye yomhombiso ngaphakathi kwaso nasiphi na isakhiwo. Nangona kukho inkqubela kwezobugcisa, iye nangoku abuyi kufunyanwa izinto akwazi ukubonisa ngcono kunokuba lwesamente. Kweli nqaku siza kufunda ngakumbi ukuba isamente. Ngapha koko, abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba ikhangeleka njani, yaye apho kuyimfuneko, kodwa abayazi into oyena nobangela le ngumgubo ongwevu, leyo lukhuni xa zomile. Kwakhona siza kujongana umbuzo ka ukubeka indlela aksenti kwi isamente ngelizwi.

indaba

Phambi kokuba wazi ukuba yintoni na isamente, khangela le imbali. Le nto yaziwa eluntwini ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa ukuvula kuyo, bantu wakha. Kuba ekwakheni avulwe ziyasetyenziswa ikalika, gypsum, udongwe nkqu iqanda abamhlophe. Zonke ezi zinto ziya lukhuni kancinci yaye nengathembekanga ngokwaneleyo. Ngoko abakhi baqalisa ukuxuba izinto: ikalika wongezelela nodongwe, ilitye eyaphukileyo, nothuthu mlilo. Lihambisana ngamanzi, umxube enike neziphumo ebezifuneka. Kwakusenziwa eRoma yamandulo.

KumaXesha Aphakathi, abakhi nazo kusetyenziswa umxube ngodaka ikalika. Kodwa umxube waqala pre-wapheka. Le yaba isamente lokuqala. Igama yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "ilitye eyaphukileyo". Enyanisweni, oko kukuthi, kuba umxube ekhenkcezisiweyo kunzima ngokwenene njengoko eweni. uphawu ezichanekileyo isamente gama kubekwa phezu ileta yesibini "e", yaye akukho wumbi. Amalinge ngale nto yathatha ixesha elide. Ngenxa yoko, ngenkulungwane ye-19, lo mlinganiselo ifanelekileyo amacandelo kwafumaneka, bavulelele ukuba ukuthembeka ubuninzi. Kwakhona ifakiwe lobushushu calcination ngokupheleleyo lekalika nodongwe, apho oxides compound lime efunyenwe kunye eside kakhulu. Yaba degrees 1450. Ekubeni isamente angenziwa kakhulu nabo kwishishini lokwakha.

Yintoni isamente: Ukubunjwa

clinker isamente bale mihla ngumgubo, nekufuneka wangena fillers kunye abakhi. Xa uhlobo owomileyo, le ubunzima granular efanayo hina. Xa amanzi idityaniswa pastopodobny wafumana kuqamba cementitious olusetyenziswa kakuhle iindawo rough. Emva kokuphilisa umxube wafumana compound nengunaphakade luthelekiswe nalo xa ezinoxinano kunye ilitye. Kungenxa yoko le nto ilitye ngumntu eyenziwe isamente kuyo.

Ngoku cinga iinkcukacha ngakumbi ukwakhiwa loo samente. Xa udongwe lekalika ebushushwini ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu iqondo malunga 1450, ukutshintsha ubume babo. Le granules kuphumela kwakheka clinker. Abafaki gypsum nokutshixiza umxube ukuya kwimo free ezantsi emathunjini omhlaba. Ngokwembono chemistry, ukwakheka isamente ogqityiweyo sesi silandelayo: 67% cao (calcium oxide); 22% Sio ₂ (lesilicon dioxide); 5% Al _{2 O-3} (aluminiyamu oxide); 3% Fe _{2 O-3} (oxide intsimbi); no-3% kwezinto ezihamba. imveliso Cement yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu ixesha elide nto leyo ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nokugcina kweemeko inkqubo ethile.

uphawu

Thina sele uyazi into zesamente nangendlela endinokuwucima ugxininiso ngelizwi zesamente, ngoku baqhelene iimpawu eziphambili zezi zixhobo ngokungummangaliso. Uphawu iphambili yale imveliso brand wayo. It luchazwa yi unobumba "M", kwaye amanani angqinelanayo. Lo mzobo ubonisa bomthwalo (kg), nto leyo ukumelana 1 cm ² lwesamente. Ngamagama alula, oko kuthetha ubunzima zesamente leyo ukumelana ngaphandle ngokwaphula. Umzekelo, ukuba ubunzima-400 kg, impahla ufumana uphawu M400. Makhe sihlolisise engundoqo uhlobo oluthile lwesamente.

M400. Njengoko sibonile, amandla enjalo zesamente yi 400 kg / cm ^2. Le brand eziqheleke kakhulu ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Oku kusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo ukwakhiwa kunye nemisebenzi nokuyifeza ngeninako. Oku kunokuba: ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, ulwakhiwo monolithic, iibhulorho kunye neebhloko kwakunye nokuveliswa leri, namakhonkco eziphathekayo, kunye nezinye iimveliso.

M500. Le samente uba amandla ka-500 kg / cm ^2. Lubonakala yi Ukuqinisa olukhawulezayo kunye namandla eliphezulu. Olu phawu ukuze asetyenziswe ekwakheni monolithic kwezakhiwo abade, kuba eyimveliso amalungu wokunikela kunye nezinye izicelo ezifuna amandla ihlala ngaphezulu.

isamente amandla Compressive nayo ngokuba umsebenzi. Ngokusekelwe imilinganiso yalo, izinto eyabelwe uphawu ahambelanayo. umsebenzi isamente ixhomekeka: ukomelela granules clinker, ngesidanga sokusila kunye ubukho kwezithako.

Iintlobo kwezithako kunye

Yintoni isamente, ephawula ukuba kwenzeka, kakade, kodwa okwangoku lichazwa? Koko amabakala, ukuqinisa kwakhona zohlulwa ngokwendidi, nganye azakubalulwa kumdibaniso ezikhethekileyo amacandelo ezahlukeneyo (kudla). Umzekelo: a fast setting, sulphate, backfill njalo njalo. uhlobo ngalunye yenzelwe umsebenzi othile. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwakhiwo ichibi ayikho isamente efanelekileyo, apho kubeka isitena.

Indlela ezakhiwe ngayo ongeziweyo eliboniswe kumqulu kunye brand. It luchazwa yileta "D" ilandelwa yi ipesenteji kwezithako. Umzekelo, ukuba iphakheji kubhaliwe kwathiwa: "D10" kuthetha, ngokohlobo oluthile lwesamente eziqulethwe-10% kwezithako. Ngoko kukho iimpawu abamele iimpawu zezi kudla. Ekugqibeleni isamente sijongeka njengoku lokumakishela: "M400D10PTS". Kulo mzekelo, "PC" libhekisela ePortland lwesamente eziqhelekileyo. Khawuve oko ezinye iimpawu yabangela umgangatho lwesamente.

mninzi

Ukuxinana liphantsi uyaqapheleka isamente esandula walungisa. amasuntswana ngalinye lalo dudula omnye komnye phantsi isenzo imikhosi electrostatic. Ngexesha uthutho kunye nokugcinwa la mabutho luyasuka, izibonelelo ubunjwe ze caking. On mninzi ikwachaphazela iqondo esivikivayo clinker. Kule izibalo, ingxinano umbandela azichazwanga, oko kukuthi ilingana 1300 kg / m ^3. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa, eli nani kuxhomekeke kwemiqathango yokugcina lwesamente.

Ubunzima ethile kunye womthamo

Yaba (practice zokwakha) - enyanisweni, elifanayo loxinano. Le ngcamango isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa grout enkulu ezichanekileyo. Kuxhomekeka kwimeko umxube, inani ungahluka. powder isamente Fresh onokuxinana malunga 1000 kg / m ³ kunye lexinene i bahlala unako ukufikelela 1500 kg / m ^3.

ubunzima ngokomthamo - enye ingcamango efanayo mninzi. Oku kusetyenziswa ukubala njani isamente kangakanani ukusuka lohamba nekhilogram enye. Ngokomzekelo, xa kukho ingxowa-50 kg, iqulethwe 0.04 cubic meter eziphathekayo, ukuba konga 1300 kg / m ^3.

ezikhabhathini

Nangona isibakala sokuba zesamente yi izinto ezingaphiliyo, oko iba lokugcinwa lwesakhelo ecacileyo. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kwi non-hermetic ukuphakheja isamente igcinwe kangangeenyanga-2 kuphela. Ukuba uzibeke iphakheji evaliweyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwandisa lo mlinganiselo ukuya kunyaka. Kakade ke, ingasetyenziswa nesamente omdala, kodwa iimpawu zayo nangamandla ayisekho enye.

I iphezulu kwibakala zesamente, ngokukhawuleza ithe iipropati yayo. Umzekelo, kwibakala eziphathekayo M500, emva yokugcina inyanga kwiimeko nokufuma, kuya kufuneka iipropati mark M400, njalo-njalo.

iingxowa Cement kufuneka zigcinwe iiphakheji cellophane tight, umphakamo ongekho ngaphantsi kwe-0.3 yeemitha ukusuka emgangathweni. Izingxobo ezizodwa zokufunda zigcinwa for ixesha elide kunokuba ifomu evakalala.

Ukumisa ixesha

Kakuhle walungisa iiseti isisombululo kwaye lukhuni kwisithuba kwiiyure ezimbalwa. Ehlotyeni, ukuqaqadeka epheleleyo zesamente kuthatha iiyure nje 2-3, yaye ebusika kuthatha ixesha elide. Kwiqondo lobushushu zero, ingathatha ukuya kwiiyure 20 Ukuqinisa ye isisombululo. Ukuze akhawulezise phezulu okanye isantya inkqubo lukhuni, kwi isisombululo yaziswa kudla ezizodwa.

fineness

I inyuka iqondo amasuntswana lityumza, i ngokukhawuleza iza kuba isisombululo lukhuni, yaye ngakumbi ngokuthembekileyo uya kukhonza kwixesha elizayo. Fineness ixhomekeke umgangatho kunye iimpawu nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa izityalo isamente. Ubukhulu bamagaqa ngokupheleleyo ka 40-80 microns uthathwa.

class amandla

Kokulawula Amaxwebhu elithi ezifana "brand isamente" similise "kwibakala amandla". iimvavanyo Material lokuthobela kunye amandla ayo kwiklasi ethile ezigcinwe iilebhu zethu mveliso. Oku kusebenzisa izixhobo zobugcisa phambili kunye neendlela uhlalutyo.

Elabhoratri Wayilinganisa fineness, ingxinano yesisombululo zolwelo nesamente ukumiselwa kwexesha. Zeesampulu esisemgceni lukhuni ukuqikelela amandla flexural kunye ucinezelo.

isitifiketi

Ukuqinisekiswa wenziwa phambi kokuba isamente ngokutsho GOST 10178085, 30515 97. Kutshanje, Noko ke, inkoliso kwiinkampani ezinkulu sele watshintshela GOST 31108-2003, nesavunywa ngo-2004. Uxwebhu abhalwa Iimfuno engqongqo kakhulu umgangatho zesamente neekhrayitheriya walo. Le mithetho ngokupheleleyo ngokuhambelana nemigangatho quality yaseYurophu.

Cement kunye eziphathekayo

Khawuqwalasele enye ingxaki ukuba kwenzeka ngokufuthi ilizwi zibubuxoki ntshikilelo lwesamente. Indlela ukubiza izinto siya Sele wayeyinxalenye phandle, kwaye eyahluke ngayo ukusuka eziphathekayo? Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba efanayo. Enyanisweni, neze. ikhonkrithi ebizwa eqina grout. Le ibandakanya zesamente, fillers kunye namanzi. Isanti lokufaka isetyenziswa rhoqo. Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa: isanti, igrabile, SLAG, udongwe eyandisiweyo njalo njalo. Kude Ukuqinisa, lo oluludaka lwesamente ngumxube eshukumayo. Ukuze ukuba kubangela ukudideka kunye nesilingo angamqhatha na wena abathengisi yeevenkile zokwakha, khumbula ukuba ugxininiso kwi isamente igama ichanekile yaye yintoni le nto yahlukile kule eziphathekayo.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, ukuze siqonde ukuba isamente thina. Ixabiso le ndaba yokwakha mihla kunzima ukuba zazi. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi kude kulo kushishino tu into eyenza umbandela luncedo, kwaye bomvu xa abantwana babo babuze ngalo. Ngoku, siyazi ukuba, yintoni na isamente nangendlela endinokuwucima ugxininiso kwi isamente ngelizwi.