Oko umoya ubandakanya. Ziziphi iigesi ezingenayo umoya?

Umhlaba wethu ukhuselwe ngqabileyo elumangalisayo - umoya. Ithintela ukuwa kwamalungu e-cosmic emhlabeni kwaye yenye yeemeko eziphambili zobomi babantu. Umoya uquka ntoni kwaye kutheni kubaluleke kakhulu kwizilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezikhoyo emhlabeni? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo neminye zifumaneka kule nqaku.

Umoya unjani?

Igobolondo yomoya yomhlaba inemiqolo emininzi, eneempawu ezahlukileyo.

• Troposphere. Le yinqanaba elona liphantsi kunye nelona lide kakhulu lomoya. I-80% yomoya igxininiswe kuyo. Ubuninzi balo buhluka ngoxhomekeke kwindawo: kwi-equator likhulu kunezibonda. Kulapha apho isimo sezulu sakhiwa, inkungu kunye namafu akhiwa. Ubuninzi be-troposphere bufikelela kwiikhilomitha eziyi-17.
• IStatosphere. Kuloluhlu, olukuphakama kweekhilomitha ezingama-50, iqondo lokushisa litshintshile ngokuphakama liye litshintshwe, kunokuba lugxininiswe kwi-troposphere - liphuma. Nantsi ungqimba lwe-ozone kwaye luqulethe ubuncinci bemilinganiselo yamanzi. Kwi-stratosphere ekuphakameni kweekhilomitha ezingama-20 i-ozone layer.
• I-mesosphere. Apha, amafu afana neekristal, kunye nokuncipha kwentsholongwane yomoya. I-mesosphere ifumaneke kumgama wamaekhilomitha angama-80-85 ukusuka kumhlaba kwaye unobungakanani obubushushu obungaphantsi kwama-90 degrees Celsius.
• Thermosphere. Apha, ngenxa yokudibanisa kweengqungquthela zomoya kunye nemitha ye-cosmic, ukukhanya okukhethekileyo kuthiwa "polar aurora". Olu luhlu luba nobushushu obuphezulu emoyeni - kunye ne-1500 degrees Celsius.
• Ukungafani. Iyakwandisa ukuphakama kweekhilomitha ezingama-20 000 kwaye ibizwa ngokuba "isithsaba somhlaba" ngenxa yefayile ehlakazekile yemida yayo.

Ziziphi izinto ezenziwa umoya?

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umoya ojikelezwe kwiplanethi wasungulwa ixesha elidlulileyo. Kodwa ngexesha lobuncinci bomhlaba wethu, luquka ikakhulu imveliso yobomi bentaba-mlilo. Kuphela ngokusasazeka kwezityalo zokuqala kuwo umoya waqala ukulungiswa nge-oksijeni, okwenza ukuba kulungele ukuphefumla abantu. Iiplanethi ezininzi ze-Solar System zinomoya. Kodwa ukubunjwa okuhambisana nobomi bomntu nezilwanyana kuphela. Okwangoku, inxalenye enkulu yomoya emoyeni iqukethe iibhasi ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: i-nitrogen ne-oxygen. Njengepesenti, umxholo walezi zinto ulandelayo: 78:21. Ukufumanisa ukuba yiziphi iigesi zomoya, kubalulekile ukubonakalisa ukwakhiwa kwepesenti enye ehlala emva kokukhipha isantya segesi eziphambili kwi-100%. Emoyeni, kunye ne-nitrogen kunye ne-oxygen, iqukethe i-carbon, i-hydrogen, i- inert gases, umphunga wamanzi kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo. I-oksijeni yenye yeemeko eziphambili zobomi kubantu nakwezilwanyana, kodwa ikhabhoni ibalulekile kwizityalo.

Ngaba kukho amanzi emoyeni?

Ngaphandle kweegesi, kukho umphunga wamanzi emoyeni, oya kuthi, ngokuxhomekeka kubude, ungaphinda ube ngohlobo lwe-crystals. Umxholo wale nkunkuma emoyeni phantsi kweemeko ezithile kukhokelela ekubunjweni kwentambo namafu. Umthamo opheleleyo wamanzi emkhathini kwiplanethi yethu yi-14,000 cubic kilometer. Ngendlela, ubunzima bomoya ngqo kuxhomekeke kwisixa somphunga wamanzi equkethwe kuso. Okungaphezulu kwazo, kulula ukuphuma emoyeni, kuba umoya unzima kunabo.

Ziziphi ukungcola ezinokubakho emoyeni kwezixeko ezinkulu?

Iigesi ezinobungozi zingena emoyeni xa kushisa amalahle, i-petroli, iikhemikhali kunye nezinto zokufakelwa. Ngenxa yokusasazeka kwendlela, umzila kunye nezinye iindlela zokuthutha, kunye nemisebenzi yamashishini oshishino, umoya ungcoliswe yizinto ezingcolileyo. Yintoni umoya ohlala kuyo kwisixeko esikhulu? Akunjalo kuphela kwizinto ezinjengekhabhoni, i-oxygen ne-nitrogen, kodwa kunye ne- carbon monoxide, i- methane ne- sulfur dioxide, eyenza umonakalo ongenakulinganiswa kwi-biosphere yoMhlaba.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-3% ye-carbon dioxide iqulethwe emoyeni, ngoko ke kunokubangela ukufa kwezinto eziphilayo, kuba isiqhelo sibe ngu-0.03%. Umthamo omkhulu womsi, iigesi kunye ne-soot eziqulethwe ngumoya ongcolileyo zibizwa ngokuthi "smog". Ivula iindawo ezininzi zoshishino kunye nezixeko ezinkulu eMhlabeni.

Imvula ye-asidi yenziwe njani?

Ukwakhiwa kwezi ngqameko kunokuchazwa ngokukwazi isakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwemoya. Ziziphi iimolekyu zomoya ezibandakanya? Ingumxube wegesi kunye nomphunga wamanzi. Iqulethe iimolekyuli zamanzi nezinye izinto. Xa ukungcola kwamanye amazwe kungena emoyeni, ii-athomu zala macandelo zidibanisa namanzi, zijika zibe yi-asidi kwaye ziwa phantsi. Iimvula ezinjalo zenza umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo, izilwanyana nabantu kunye nenhlekelele yendalo.

Uluhlu luni lwe-ozone kwaye luphi na?

Yenziwa kwi-stratosphere, kumgama weekhilomitha ezili-20 ukusuka eMhlabeni. Uluhlu lwe-ozone lukhusela i-biosphere yeplanethi yethu kwingozi yemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Kananjalo iyanciphisa umphumo wezinto ezininzi ezinobungozi kunye neebhaktheriya. Umoya oluhlu lwe ozone luquka ntoni? Iqukethe oksijini esebenzayo, eyenziwa ngenxa yempembelelo yokukhutshwa kombane okanye ukukhanya kwelanga kwi-molecular. Ukukhululwa kweemethane, i-chlorine, i-bromine kunye ne-nitrogen oxide ekhompyutheni yomoya kunye nezityalo zokupholisa emoyeni kukhokelela ekutshatyalaliswa kwaloo ungqimba, enye yeengxaki zemvelo zentlalo.

Umoya womoya uquka ntoni?

Ukubunjwa komoya okunikezelwa kwinqaku kukubonakalisa kuphela umoya ophantsi, othiwa "troposphere." Ukude ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba, kukho utshintsho olwenzeka kuyo. Yintoni ukubunjwa komoya emoyeni ophezulu? Utshintsho lokuqala luvela kwi-ozone layer - i-oxygen esebenzayo ivela. Ngaphezu koko, kumgama we-1,000 km nangaphezulu ukusuka eMhlabeni, i-atomic hydrogen ne-helium iqala. Ngokuphakama, uxinzelelo luya kutshintsha - luyehla, njengoko umoya ukhululeka.

Yintoni engcolisa umoya?

Okubi nakakhulu imeko yendalo kwimeko, izinto ezingaphandle zifumaneka emoyeni kwaye ziyingozi nakwimpilo yabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Ngokuphuhliswa kwempucuko, impembelelo engalunganga kwimvulophu yomoya yoMhlaba iye yanda kakhulu. Amashishini oshishino, ukuthutha imoto kunye neendlela zendlela yokuphucula imvelo (izithuthi zomoya, izityalo zokupholisa, njl.) Zihlambela indawo ejikelezayo, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni kocingo lwe-ozone, ukubunjwa kwe-smog kunye nemvula ye-asidi.

Namhlanje ihlabathi lonke likhetha ubuchwepheshe bokusingqongileyo kunye nezothutho, kodwa ukuguqulwa okupheleleyo kwimveliso enjalo kuya kufuna inani elithile lexesha kunye neendleko ezinkulu kunye kwaye kuya kuhlala ixesha elide.

Isiphelo

Kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo sasiyothusa xa sakuva ukuba kumazwe aseNtshona alula amanzi atywala asetyenziswayo. Namhlanje, nabani na abahlala kwisixeko esikhulu, abaninzi okanye abachaphazelekayo malunga nempilo yakhe, abayi kusela oko kugeleza kwipompo kwiindawo zethu zokuhlala. Ukufunyanwa kwamanzi okucima ukoma nokupheka kuye kwaba yinto evamile.

Kwizidolophu ezinkulu zaseChina, ukuthengiswa komoya ococekileyo kwiitena zamatini kwaqala. Kwaye kwangaphambili amaqiniso anjalo achazwe kuphela kumabali amnandi. Oko umoya uqulethwe namhlanje kuxhomekeke kumhlaba wonke. Naliphi na umntu onokukwenza okuninzi kwimimandla, elandelayo kwimithetho elula yonke imihla: Musa ukuhlamba imoto kwimithombo yamanzi, ukucima umlilo ngexesha, ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukuqala ukutshaya udoti kunye namahlamvu kwiindawo ezithile ezikhethiweyo, njl. Emva koko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba siyazi ukuba yintoni umoya Inzala yethu iya kuphefumula emhlabeni! Baya kuphefumula ...